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M.A. Thesis. English Linguistics -- University of Languages and International Studies. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2012
This study aimed at investigating the common verbal expressions of confirming and negating used by American and Vietnamese people in written form. For that reason, paralinguistic and nonverbal factors are not discussed in this thesis. Another purpose was to find out the similarities and differences between their ways of expressing confirming and negating. The research applied the quantitative method and based on the collection of authentic data. Through comparing the collected data from the survey questionnaires, the study highlight the evidence that among various confirming and negating strategies, both American and Vietnamese employ politeness strategies with different preference. They try to use formal language when communicating with partners of higher status or people of different social position. The results of the study showed that the choice of expressing confirming and negating depended much on the communicating partners and communicating situations. The findings of this thesis are hopefully a useful reference for other American-Vietnamese cross-cultural communication researches
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate of originality of study project report............................................................. i
Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... ii
Abstract........................................................................................................................... iii
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. iv
List of tables.................................................................................................................... v
List of diagrams and figures ........................................................................................... vi
Table of contents............................................................................................................. vii
PART A: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1. Rationale .................................................................................................................... 1
2. Aims of the study........................................................................................................ 2
3. Scope of the study .. ................................................................................................... 2
4. Methodology............................................................................................................... 3
5. Design of the study ..................................................................................................... 3
PART B: DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................ 4
1.1. Culture ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Communication........................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1. Definition..................................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Cross-cultural Communication.................................................................... 6
1.2.3. Forms of communication............................................................................. 6
1.3. Speech act theory..................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1. Speech act.................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Classification of speech act ......................................................................... 9
1.4. Politeness theory...................................................................................................... 10
1.4.1. Definition of politeness ............................................................................... 10
1.4.2. Politeness strategies..................................................................................... 11
1.5. Confirmation and negation as a speech act.............................................................. 13
1.5.1. Confirmation as a speech act....................................................................... 13
1.5.2. Negation as a speech act.............................................................................. 14
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 15
2.1. Methods of the study ............................................................................................... 15
2.2. Data collection ........................................................................................................ 16
2.2.1. Subjects of the study ................................................................................... 16
2.2.2. Data collection instrument .......................................................................... 17
2.2.3. Data collection procedures .......................................................................... 18
2.4. Data analysis procedures ........................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER 3: EXPRESSING CONFIRMATION AND NEGATION IN AMERICAN
AND VIETNAMESE CULTURE ................................................................................. 20
3.1. The realization of communicative strategies .......................................................... 20
3.1.1. Bald on record ............................................................................................. 20
3.1.2. Joking .......................................................................................................... 22
3.1.3. Hedging ....................................................................................................... 23
3.1.4. Advising ...................................................................................................... 24
3.1.5. Asserting condition...................................................................................... 25
3.1.6. Passing the ball to other(s) .......................................................................... 26
3.1.7. Asking rhetoric questions............................................................................ 26
3.1.8. Don't do FTA............................................................................................... 27
3.2. The choice of communicative strategies as seen from informants' parameters....... 28
3.2.1. Age .............................................................................................................. 28
3.2.2. Gender ......................................................................................................... 29
3.2.3. Area of living............................................................................................... 31
3.3. The use of communicative strategies as seen from communicating partners'
relationship .............................................................................................................. 32
3.3.1. With sister/ brother...................................................................................... 32
3.3.2. With mother/ father ..................................................................................... 33
3.3.3. With a close friend ...................................................................................... 33
3.3.4. With someone you dislike ........................................................................... 34
3.3.5. With your colleague .................................................................................... 34
3.3.6. With your boss............................................................................................. 35
3.4. Summary.................................................................................................................. 38
PART C: CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 40
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
To our understanding, only humans have language and culture. Language simultaneously
reflects culture, and is influenced and shaped by it. In the broadest sense, it is also the
symbolic representation of a people, since it comprises their historical and cultural
backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. People
use language to communicate and express their thoughts to each others easier and faster.
In communication, it is understood people are in the process of sharing or exchanging their
thoughts verbally (ie. in spoken or written form), or nonverbally. The basis of
communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for
people to communicate face-to-face. Brown (1994: 165) describes the relationship
between language and culture as follows: „A language is a part of a culture and a culture is
a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two
without losing the significance of either language or culture.‟ In a word, culture and
language are inseparable. However, there are cultural and language boundaries, such as the
use of languages or the traditional customs between two cultures. The lack of people's
awareness of the similarities and differences between two cultures may cause culture
shock, in turn, can result in communication breakdown.
Recently, there have been more and more foreigners from different countries coming to
live, study and work in our country. Especially, with the cooperation and exchange in a
number of fields between Vietnam and America, a great number of people from one
country work, study, live in the other country. With the Giúp of English, an international
language, Vietnamese and American people can communicate with each other easily in
various aspects. So far, there have been a number of linguistic theses mentioning different
cross-cultural perspectives, however confirming and negating expressions made by
American and Vietnamese people have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, it is
essential to raise the awareness of Vietnamese people's difficulties when communicating
with people from America in cultural aspect. Thus, the differences between the Americans
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M.A. Thesis. English Linguistics -- University of Languages and International Studies. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2012
This study aimed at investigating the common verbal expressions of confirming and negating used by American and Vietnamese people in written form. For that reason, paralinguistic and nonverbal factors are not discussed in this thesis. Another purpose was to find out the similarities and differences between their ways of expressing confirming and negating. The research applied the quantitative method and based on the collection of authentic data. Through comparing the collected data from the survey questionnaires, the study highlight the evidence that among various confirming and negating strategies, both American and Vietnamese employ politeness strategies with different preference. They try to use formal language when communicating with partners of higher status or people of different social position. The results of the study showed that the choice of expressing confirming and negating depended much on the communicating partners and communicating situations. The findings of this thesis are hopefully a useful reference for other American-Vietnamese cross-cultural communication researches
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate of originality of study project report............................................................. i
Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... ii
Abstract........................................................................................................................... iii
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. iv
List of tables.................................................................................................................... v
List of diagrams and figures ........................................................................................... vi
Table of contents............................................................................................................. vii
PART A: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1. Rationale .................................................................................................................... 1
2. Aims of the study........................................................................................................ 2
3. Scope of the study .. ................................................................................................... 2
4. Methodology............................................................................................................... 3
5. Design of the study ..................................................................................................... 3
PART B: DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................ 4
1.1. Culture ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Communication........................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1. Definition..................................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Cross-cultural Communication.................................................................... 6
1.2.3. Forms of communication............................................................................. 6
1.3. Speech act theory..................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1. Speech act.................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Classification of speech act ......................................................................... 9
1.4. Politeness theory...................................................................................................... 10
1.4.1. Definition of politeness ............................................................................... 10
1.4.2. Politeness strategies..................................................................................... 11
1.5. Confirmation and negation as a speech act.............................................................. 13
1.5.1. Confirmation as a speech act....................................................................... 13
1.5.2. Negation as a speech act.............................................................................. 14
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 15
2.1. Methods of the study ............................................................................................... 15
2.2. Data collection ........................................................................................................ 16
2.2.1. Subjects of the study ................................................................................... 16
2.2.2. Data collection instrument .......................................................................... 17
2.2.3. Data collection procedures .......................................................................... 18
2.4. Data analysis procedures ........................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER 3: EXPRESSING CONFIRMATION AND NEGATION IN AMERICAN
AND VIETNAMESE CULTURE ................................................................................. 20
3.1. The realization of communicative strategies .......................................................... 20
3.1.1. Bald on record ............................................................................................. 20
3.1.2. Joking .......................................................................................................... 22
3.1.3. Hedging ....................................................................................................... 23
3.1.4. Advising ...................................................................................................... 24
3.1.5. Asserting condition...................................................................................... 25
3.1.6. Passing the ball to other(s) .......................................................................... 26
3.1.7. Asking rhetoric questions............................................................................ 26
3.1.8. Don't do FTA............................................................................................... 27
3.2. The choice of communicative strategies as seen from informants' parameters....... 28
3.2.1. Age .............................................................................................................. 28
3.2.2. Gender ......................................................................................................... 29
3.2.3. Area of living............................................................................................... 31
3.3. The use of communicative strategies as seen from communicating partners'
relationship .............................................................................................................. 32
3.3.1. With sister/ brother...................................................................................... 32
3.3.2. With mother/ father ..................................................................................... 33
3.3.3. With a close friend ...................................................................................... 33
3.3.4. With someone you dislike ........................................................................... 34
3.3.5. With your colleague .................................................................................... 34
3.3.6. With your boss............................................................................................. 35
3.4. Summary.................................................................................................................. 38
PART C: CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 40
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
To our understanding, only humans have language and culture. Language simultaneously
reflects culture, and is influenced and shaped by it. In the broadest sense, it is also the
symbolic representation of a people, since it comprises their historical and cultural
backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. People
use language to communicate and express their thoughts to each others easier and faster.
In communication, it is understood people are in the process of sharing or exchanging their
thoughts verbally (ie. in spoken or written form), or nonverbally. The basis of
communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for
people to communicate face-to-face. Brown (1994: 165) describes the relationship
between language and culture as follows: „A language is a part of a culture and a culture is
a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two
without losing the significance of either language or culture.‟ In a word, culture and
language are inseparable. However, there are cultural and language boundaries, such as the
use of languages or the traditional customs between two cultures. The lack of people's
awareness of the similarities and differences between two cultures may cause culture
shock, in turn, can result in communication breakdown.
Recently, there have been more and more foreigners from different countries coming to
live, study and work in our country. Especially, with the cooperation and exchange in a
number of fields between Vietnam and America, a great number of people from one
country work, study, live in the other country. With the Giúp of English, an international
language, Vietnamese and American people can communicate with each other easily in
various aspects. So far, there have been a number of linguistic theses mentioning different
cross-cultural perspectives, however confirming and negating expressions made by
American and Vietnamese people have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, it is
essential to raise the awareness of Vietnamese people's difficulties when communicating
with people from America in cultural aspect. Thus, the differences between the Americans
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