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1. The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a
processor of frozen foods. . 14
2. The following appeared in a memorandum from the business department of the Apogee Company.
. 15
3. The following appeared in a memorandum issued by a large city’s council on the arts. 15
4. The following appeared in a report presented for discussion at a meeting of the directors of a
company that manufactures parts for heavy machinery. . 16
5. The following appeared in an announcement issued by the publisher of The Mercury, a weekly
newspaper. . 17
6. The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine devoted to regional life. . 18
7. The following appeared in the health section of a magazine on trends and lifestyles. 19
8. The following appeared in the editorial section of a corporate newsletter. . 19
9. The following appeared in the opinion column of a financial magazine. 20
10. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 22
11. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 23
12. The following appeared as part of a promotional campaign to sell advertising space in the Daily
Gazette to grocery stores in the Marston area. . 24
13. The following appeared as part of a campaign to sell advertising time on a local radio station to
local businesses. . 25
14. The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial. 26
15. The following appeared as a part of an advertisement for Adams, who is seeking reelection as
governor. . 27
16. The following appeared as part of an article in the education section of a Waymarsh City
newspaper. . 28
17. The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine. . 29
18. The following is an excerpt from a memo written by the head of a governmental department. 30
19. The following appeared as part of an article in the travel section of a newspaper. 31
20. The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine. 32
21. The following appeared as part of an editorial in an industry newsletter. . 33
22. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper. . 34
23. The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city council. . 35
24. The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to the manager of
Mammon Savings and Loan. . 36
25. The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles. . 37
26. The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial management and
consulting firm. 38
27. The following appeared in a newspaper editorial. 39
28. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 40
29. The following was excerpted from the speech of a spokesperson for Synthetic Farm Products,
Inc. 41
30. The following appeared in a newspaper story giving advice about investments. 42
31. The following appeared as part of the business plan of an investment and financial consulting
firm. . 43
32. The following appeared in the editorial section of a West Cambria newspaper. . 44
33. The following is part of a business plan being discussed at a board meeting of the Perks
Company. 44
34. The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company
to the president. . 45
35. The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the financial planning office to the
administration of Fern Valley University. . 46
36. The following appeared in an article in a college departmental newsletter . 47
37. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 48
38. The following appeared in the editorial section of a campus newspaper. 49
39. The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum. 50
40. The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine. 51
41. The following appeared as part of an article in a trade publication. . 52
42. The following appeared in the opinion section of a national newsmagazine. . 53
43. The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper. . 53
44. The following is part of a business plan created by the management of the Megamart grocery
store. 54
45. The following appeared as part of a column in a popular entertainment magazine. 55
46. The following appeared in a memorandum from the directors of a security and safety consulting
service. . 56
47. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 57
48. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 58
49. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 58
50. The following appeared as part of a business plan recommended by the new manager of a
musical rock group called Zapped. . 59
51. The following appeared in a magazine article on trends and lifestyles. . 60
52. The following editorial appeared in the Elm City paper. . 61
53. The following appeared as part of an editorial in a weekly newsmagazine. . 62
54. The following appeared in an Excelsior Company memorandum. 62
55. The following appeared as part of an article in a health club trade publication. 63
56. The following appeared as part of an article in a popular arts and leisure magazine. . 64
57. The following is from a campaign by Big Boards, Inc., to convince companies in River City that
their sales will increase if they use Big Boards billboards for advertising their locally
manufactured products. 65
58. The following appeared as part of an article on government funding of environmental regulatory
agencies. . 66
59. The following appeared as part of an article in a popular science magazine. 67
60. The following appeared as part of a recommendation by one of the directors of the Beta
Company. 68
61. The following appeared in the letters-to-the-editor section of a local newspaper. 69
62. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 69
63. The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human Resources to the
executive officers of Company X. . 70
64. The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice president of Road Food, an
international chain of fast-food restaurants. . 71
65. The following appeared in the promotional literature for Cerberus dog food. . 72
66. The following appeared in an article in a travel magazine. . 73
67. The following appeared in a memorandum to the planning department of an investment firm. 74
68. The following appeared in a memorandum from a company’s marketing department. 74
69. The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of a company that makes (
Glabrous) shampoo. . 75
70. The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business manager of a
department store. . 76
71. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a regional newspaper. . 77
72. The following appeared as part of an editorial in a campus newspaper. 78
73. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from a government agency. 79
74. The following appeared as part of an article in an entertainment magazine. 79
75. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a popular science and technology magazine.
. 80
76. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 81
77. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. 82
78. The following appeared in the editorial section of a monthly business newsmagazine. . 83
79. The following appeared as part of a company memorandum. . 83
80. The following appeared in the editorial section of a daily newspaper. . 84
81. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper in the country of West Cambria.
. 85
82. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the vice president of Nostrum, a large
pharmaceutical corporation. . 86
83. The following appeared as part of an article on trends in television. 87
84. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a daily newspaper. . 88
85. The following appeared as part of an article in a photography magazine. . 89
86. The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. 90
87. The following appeared in an ad for a book titled How to Write a Screenplay for a Movie. . 91
88. The following appeared in a memorandum from the ElectroWares company’s marketing
department. . 92
89. The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper. . 93
90. The following appeared as part of an article in a local newspaper. 93
91. The following appeared in a proposal from the development office at Platonic University. 94
92. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 95
93. The following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of KMTV, a television station. . 96
94. The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine. 97
95. The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade publication. . 97
96. The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the admissions office at Plateau
College. . 98
97. The following appeared in a memorandum sent by a vice-president of the Nadir Company to the
company’s human resources department. . 99
98. The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine for breweries. . 100
99. The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda. . 101
100. The following appeared as part of an article in the book section of a newspaper. 102
101. The following appeared as an editorial in a magazine concerned with educational issues. . 103
102. The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the management of the Take
Heart Fitness Center. . 104
103. The following appeared in a letter from a staff member in the office of admissions at Argent
University. . 105
104. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the loan department of the Frostbite
National Bank. 106
105. The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. 107
106. The following appeared in a memo to the Saluda town council from the town’s business
manager. 107
107. The following appeared in a memorandum written by the assistant manager of a store that
sells gourmet food items from various countries. 108
108. The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of research and development at
Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm. . 109
109. The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice-president of the Dolci Candy Company.
. 110
115 ISSUE Sample . 112
1. In some countries, television and radio programs are carefully censored for offensive language
and behavior. In other countries, there is little or no censorship. 112
2. “It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to
conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect
to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”. 112
3. “Corporations and other businesses should try to eliminate the many ranks and salary grades that
classify employees according to their experience and expertise. A ‘flat’ organizational structure is
more likely to encourage collegiality and cooperation among employees.”. 113
4. “Of all the manifestations* of power, restraint in the use of that power impresses people most.”
. 114
5. “All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and
shares responsibilities and duties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a
project or task is not an effective way to get work done.” . 115
6. “There is only one definition of success — to be able to spend your life in your own way.” . 115
7. “The best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them
how to attain it.” . 116
8. “For hundreds of years, the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange
of metal coins and printed pieces of paper. However, because of recent developments in
technology, the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and
paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.” . 117
9. “Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from
the workplace.” . 118
10. “In any enterprise, the process of making or doing something is ultimately more important than
the final product.” . 118
11. “When someone achieves greatness in any field — such as the arts, science, politics, or business
— that person’s achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.” . 119
12. “Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society. Just as
property and money once were the keys to success, education has now become the element
that most ensures success in life.”. 120
13. “Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual
person, not to government.” . 121
14. “Organizations should be structured in a clear hierarchy in which the people at each level, from
top to bottom, are held accountable for completing a particular component of the work. Any
other organizational structure goes against human nature and will ultimately prove fruitless.” 121
15. “Nations should cooperate to develop regulations that limit children’s access to adult material on
the Internet.” * . 122
16. “Public buildings reveal much about the attitudes and values of the society that builds them.
Today’s new schools, courthouses, airports, and libraries, for example, reflect the attitudes and
values of today’s society.” . 123
17. “Some people believe that the best approach to effective time management is to make detailed
daily and long-term plans and then to adhere to them. However, this highly structured approach
to work is counterproductive. Time management needs to be flexible so that employees can
respond to unexpected problems as they arise.”. 124
18. “If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money, then conflict is inevitable
when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.” . 125
19. Some employers who recruit recent college graduates for entry-level jobs evaluate applicants
only on their performance in business courses such as accounting, marketing, and economics.
However, other employers also expect applicants to have a broad background in such courses as
history, literature, and philosophy. . 125
20. “In this age of automation, many people complain that humans are becoming subservient to
machines. But, in fact, machines are continually improving our lives.”. 127
21. “Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service.
Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining
consistently high levels of productivity.” . 128
22. “Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to
produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”
. 129
23. “Schools should be responsible only for teaching academic skills and not for teaching ethical and
social values.”. 129
24. “A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a community or
a nation than does any government official.”. 130
25. “The best strategy for managing a business, or any enterprise, is to find the most capable
people and give them as much authority as possible.” . 131
26. “Location has traditionally been one of the most important determinants of a business’s success.
The importance of location is not likely to change, no matter how advanced the development of
computer communications and others kinds of technology becomes.”. 132
27. “A company’s long-term success is primarily dependent on the job satisfaction and the job
security felt by the company’s employees.”. 132
28. “Because businesses use high-quality advertising to sell low-quality products, schools should
give students extensive training in how to make informed decisions before making purchases.”
. 133
29. “Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on
the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”. 134
30. “Companies benefit when they discourage employees from working extra hours or taking work
home. When employees spend their leisure time without ‘producing’ something for the job, they
will be more focused and effective when they return to work.” . 134
31. “Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.” . 135
32. “You can tell the ideas of a nation by its advertisements.”. 136
33. “People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to
perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”. 137
34. “All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service
would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.” . 137
35. “Business relations are infected through and through with the disease of short-sighted motives.
We are so concerned with immediate results and short-term goals that we fail to look beyond
them.”. 138
36. “Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team.
Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment
and energy, who gets things done.” . 139
37. “Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society,
schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the
arts and humanities.”. 139
38. “Courtesy is rapidly disappearing from everyday interactions, and as a result, we are all the
poorer for it.” . 140
39. “It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of
a fulfilling personal life.” . 141
40. “With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need
to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens
of a particular country.” . 142
41. “The best way to preserve the natural environment is to impose penalties—whether fines,
imprisonment, or other punishments—on those who are most responsible for polluting or
otherwise damaging it.” . 142
42. “Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the
environment. Since these standards keep shifting, companies should resist changing their
products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations
become government regulations.”. 143
43. “The most important reason for studying history is not that knowledge of history can make us
better people or a better society but that it can provide clues to solving the societal problems
that we face today.”. 144
44. “All companies should invest heavily in advertising because high-quality advertising can sell
almost any product or service.”. 145
45. “The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is
to follow the highest standards of ethics.” . 146
46. Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies, but bureaucracy is
far more damaging to a business than it is to a government. 147
47. The primary responsibility for preventing environmental damage belongs to government, not to
individuals or private industry. . 147
48. In matching job candidates with job openings, managers must consider not only such variables
as previous work experience and educational background but also personality traits and work
habits, which are more difficult to judge. . 148
49. “Ask most older people to identify the key to success, and they are likely to reply ‘hard work.’
Yet, I would tell people starting off in a career that work in itself is not the key. In fact, you have
to approach work cautiously—too much or too little can be self-defeating.”. 149
50. How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly
successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation. 150
51. “The presence of a competitor is always beneficial to a company. Competition forces a company
to change itself in ways that improve its practices.” . 150
52. “Successful individuals typically set their next goal somewhat—but not too much—above their
last achievement. In this way, they steadily raise their level of aspiration.” . 151
53. “The term ‘user-friendly’ is usually applied to the trouble-free way that computer software
moves people from screen to screen, function to function. However, the term can also refer to a
government office, a library, public transportation, or anything designed to provide information
or services in an easy, friendly way. Just as all societies have many striking examples of
user-friendly services, so do they abound in examples of user-unfriendly systems.” Identify a
system or service that you have found to be either “user-friendly” or “user-unfriendly.” . 152
54. “Popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests. Superficiality, obscenity,
and violence characterize films and television today because those qualities are commercially
successful.” . 153
55. “Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do, and they will surprise you with their
ingenuity.”. 154
56. “The secret of business is to know something that nobody else knows.”. 154
57. “Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more
respectful of one another’s differences.”. 155
58. “What is the final objective of business? It is to make the obtaining of a living—the obtaining of
food, clothing, shelter, and a minimum of luxuries—so mechanical and so little time-consuming
that people shall have time for other things.” . 156
59. “Juvenile crime is a serious social problem, and businesses must become more involved in
helping to prevent it.”. 157
60. “Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other
aspects of their personal lives without the employees’ permission.”. 157
61. “Even at its best, a government is a tremendous burden to business, though a necessary one.”
. 158
62. “What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on
the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the
similarities among all people and places on Earth.”. 159
63. “As government bureaucracy increases, citizens become more and more separated from their
government.” . 159
64. “The goal of business should not be to make as big a profit as possible. Instead, business
should also concern itself with the wellbeing (n. ) of the public.”. 160
65. “The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity*. Because people
everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are
rapidly disappearing.” . 161
66. “Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe. If a product injures
someone, for whatever reason, the manufacturer should be held legally and financially
accountable for the injury.” . 162
67. “Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests, their leisure activities,
even their appearance away from the workplace.” . 162
68. “Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees
themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.” . 163
69. “The most important quality in an employee is not specific knowledge or technical competence.
Instead, it is the ability to work well with other employees.” . 164
70. “So long as no laws are broken, there is nothing unethical about doing whatever you need to do
to promote existing products or to create new products.” . 165
71. “Commercialism has become too widespread. It has even crept into schools and places of
worship. Every nation should place limits on what kinds of products, if any, can be sold at certain
events or places.” . 165
72. “Companies should not try to improve employees’ performance by giving incentives—for
example, awards or gifts. These incentives encourage negative kinds of behavior instead of
encouraging a genuine interest in doing the work well.” . 166
73. People often give the following advice: “Be yourself. Follow your instincts and behave in a way
that feels natural.”. 167
74. “The people we remember best are the ones who broke the rules.” . 168
75. “There are essentially two forces that motivate people: self-interest and fear.” . 168
76. “For a leader there is nothing more difficult, and therefore more important, than to be able to
make decisions.”. 169
77. Although “genius” is difficult to define, one of the qualities of genius is the ability to transcend
traditional modes of thought and create new ones. . 170
78. Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but
controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better
used for modern purposes. 170
79. “The ability to deal with people is as purchasable a commodity as sugar or coffee, and it is
worth more than any other commodity under the sun.” . 171
80. “As individuals, people save too little and borrow too much.” . 172
81. “No one can possibly achieve any real and lasting success or ‘get rich’ in business by conforming
to conventional practices or ways of thinking.” . 173
82. “Business and government must do more, much more, to meet the needs and goals of women
in the workplace.”. 173
83. “We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”. 174
84. “A business should not be held responsible for providing customers with complete information
11
about its products or services; customers should have the responsibility of gathering information
about the products or services they may want to buy.” . 175
85. “Advertising is the most influential and therefore the most important artistic achievement of the
twentieth century.” . 176
86. “Whether promoting a product, an event, or a person, an advertising campaign is most effective
when it appeals to emotion rather than to reason.” . 176
87. “As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs.
The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual
worker, not to government or to business.” . 177
88. “Each generation must accept blame not only for the hateful words and actions of some of its
members but also for the failure of other members to speak out against those words and
actions.”. 178
89. “The study of history is largely a waste of time because it prevents us from focusing on the
challenges of the present.” . 178
90. “People often complain that products are not made to last. They feel that making products that
wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. What they fail to see, however,
is that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the consumer and stimulate demand.”
. 179
91. “Government should establish regulations to reduce or eliminate any suspected health hazards
in the environment, even when the scientific studies of these health hazards are incomplete or
contradictory.” . 181
92. “Employees should show loyalty to their company by fully supporting the company’s managers
and policies, even when the employees believe that the managers and policies are misguided.”
. 182
93. “To be successful, companies should trust their workers and give them as much freedom as
possible. Any company that tries to control employees’ behavior through a strict system of
rewards and punishments will soon find that such controls have a negative effect on employee
morale and, consequently, on the company’s success.”. 182
94. “If parents want to prepare their children to succeed in life, teaching the children self-discipline
is more important than teaching them self-esteem.”. 183
95. “Companies are never justified in employing young children, even if the child’s family would
benefit from the income.”. 184
96. “In order to understand a society, we must examine the contents of its museums and the
subjects of its memorials. What a society chooses to preserve, display, and commemorate is the
truest indicator of what the society values.” . 185
97. “In business, more than in any other social arena, men and women have learned how to share
power effectively.” . 185
98. “In order to accommodate the increasing number of undergraduate students, college and
universities should offer most courses through distance learning, such as videotaped instruction
that can be accessed through the Internet or cable television. Requiring students to appear at a
designated time and place is no longer an effective or efficient way of teaching most
undergraduate courses.”. 186
99. “If a nation is to ensure its own economic success, it must maintain a highly competitive
educational system in which students compete among themselves and against students from
other countries.”. 187
100. “In order to force companies to improve policies and practices considered unethical or harmful,
society should rely primarily on consumer action—such as refusal to buy products—rather than
legislative action.”. 188
101. “The automobile has caused more problems than it has solved. Most societies would probably
be much better off if the automobile had never been invented.” . 189
102. “An advanced degree may Giúp someone get a particular job. Once a person begins working,
however, the advanced degree and the formal education it represents are rarely relevant to
success on the job.” . 190
103. “Most people today place too much emphasis on satisfying their immediate desires. The overall
quality of life would be greatly improved if we all focused instead on meeting our long-term
needs.” . 190
104. “The value of any nation should be measured more by its scientific and artistic achievements
than by its business successes.”. 191
105. “All archeological treasures should remain in the country in which they were originally
discovered. These works should not be exported, even if museums in other parts of the world
are better able to preserve and display them.” . 192
106. “The most effective way for managers to assign work is to divide complex tasks into their
simpler component parts. This way, each worker completes a small portion of the task but
contributes to the whole.”. 193
107. “People are overwhelmed by the increasing amount of information available on the computer.
Therefore, the immediate goal of the information technology industry should be to Giúp people
learn how to obtain the information they need efficiently and wisely.”. 193
108. “Employees should not have full access to their own personnel files. If, for example, employees
were allowed to see certain confidential materials, the people supplying that information would
not be likely to express their opinions candidly.” . 194
109. “All personnel evaluations at a company should be multi-directional — that is, people at every
level of the organization should review not only those working ‘under’ them but also those
working ‘over’ them.”. 195
110. “The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.”196
13
111. “Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most
societies has never been better than at the present time.”. 197
112. “In most fields—including education, politics, and business—the prevailing philosophy never
stays in place very long. This pattern of constantly shifting from one theoretical position to
another is an inevitable reflection of human nature: people soon tire of the status quo.”. 197
113. “It is essential that the nations of the world increase spending on the building of space stations
and on the exploration of other planets, even if that means spending less on other government
programs.” . 198
114. “Technology ultimately separates and alienates people more than it serves to bring them
together.” . 199
134. “Although many people object to advertisements and solicitations that intrude into their lives
through such means as the telephone, the Internet, and television, companies and organizations
must have the right to contact potential customers and donors whenever and however they
wish.”. 200
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changing its programming focus to farming issues would most likely be disastrous. Lacking
information about the towns KOOP and KMTV serve it is difficult to assess the author’s
recommendation.
Finally, the author assumes that KMTV’s decrease in applications for advertising was due to its
programming. However, since the author provides no evidence to support this assumption, it may
be that the decrease was caused by other factors, such as recession in the local economy or
transmission problems at the station. Without ruling out these and other possible causes the
author cannot confidently conclude that KMTV’s programming was responsible for the decrease in
advertising applications at hat station.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would
have to provide additional evidence for the claim that KOOP’s change in focus was responsible for
its increase in advertising applications and that KMTV’s decrease in applications was due to its
programming. Furthermore, it would be necessary to show that the towns that KOOP and KMTV
Argument 97
serve are sufficiently similar to justify the analogy between them.
94. The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine.
“A year ago Apex Manufacturing bought its managers computers for their homes
and paid for telephone connections so that they could access Apex computers and
data files from home after normal business hours. Since last year, productivity at
Apex has increased by 15 percent. Other companies can learn from the success at
Apex: given home computers and access to company resources, employees will
work additional hours at home and thereby increase company profits.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
In this article the author attributes Apex Manufacturing’s 15 percent increase in productivity
over the past year to its decision to equip its manager with computers and paid telephone
connections for their homes so that they would access company computers and files from home
after normal business hours. On the basis of Apex’s experience the author recommends that other
companies follow Apex’s example and provide computers and access to company resources to their
employees. The author believes that such a policy would increase productivity and profits for
other companies, just as it did for Apex. The author’s line of reasoning is questionable for several
reasons.
First, the author assumes that Apex’s increase in productivity is due to its equipping its managers
with home computers and access to company resources. However, the only evidence offered in
support of this claim is the fact that Apex’s increase in productivity occurred after the home
computers and after-hours access was provided. Unfortunately, this evidence is insufficient to
establish the causal claim in question. While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required
to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition.
Consequently, it is possible that Apex’s increase in productivity is not related to its decision to
equip its managers with computers and after-hours access in the fashion required by the author’s
argument.
Second, the author assumes that Apex and other companies are sufficiently similar to warrant a
conclusion based on an analogy between them. Even if we accept the view that Apex’s increase in
productivity was brought about by its policy of enabling its managers to work from home,
differences between Apex and other companies could nullify this result. Lacking detailed
information about Apex and the other companies in question it is difficult to assess the author’s
conclusion.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would
have to provide additional evidence for the claim that Apex’s decision to provide its managers with
home computers and access to company resources was responsible for its increase in productivity.
Furthermore, it would be necessary to show that Apex and other companies are sufficiently
similar to justify the analogy between them.
95. The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade publication.
“Farmers who switched from synthetic to organic farming last year have seen their
crop yields decline. Many of these farmers feel that it would be too expensive to
resume synthetic farming at this point, given the money that they invested in
organic farming supplies and equipment. But their investments will be relatively
minor compared to the losses from continued lower crop yields. Organic farmers
should switch to synthetic farming rather than persist in an unwise course. And the
choice to farm organically is financially unwise, given that it was motivated by
environmental rather than economic concerns.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
In this article the author recommends that farmers who switched from synthetic to organic
farming last year should switch back to synthetic farming as soon as possible. Citing a decline in
crop yields as the primary reason for the recommendation to reverse course, the author predicts
that crop yields for organic farmers will continue to be lower unless synthetic farming is resumed.
Moreover, the author argues that organic farming is not a financially viable choice for farmers in
any case because it is motivated by environmental, not economic, concerns. The author’s position is
unconvincing for several reasons.
First, there is no evidence that the first-year yields of farmers who switched to organic farming
are representative of their future yields. Common sense would lead one to expect that first-year
yields would be lower simple due to the inexperience of farmers accustomed to synthetic farming
methods. Moreover, other factors such as weather or infertile seed stock could be responsible
for the lower yields. Since the author does not address these or other factors that could account
for the lower yields, his prediction that yields will continue to be lower unless a switch is made
back to synthetic farming is not well founded.
Second, the author assumes that economic and environmental concerns are mutually exclusive and
that only enterprises motivated by economic concerns are financially rewarding. These
assumptions are not supported in the argument. Moreover, there are good reasons to suspect they
may be false in the case at hand. For example, while it may be true that synthetic farming
methods produce significantly higher yields in the short term, it may also be the case that they
fail to sustain this yield in the long term, whereas the opposite is true for organic methods. If
this were the case, the financial advantage of synthetic over organic method would be illusory.
In conclusion, the author’s prediction that yields will continue to lower for farmers who adopt
organic farming methods is not well reasoned. To strengthen this forecast it would be necessary
to examine and eliminate other possible factors that could account for the lower yields
experienced. Lacking a full examination of these factors, it is difficult to accept the author’s
position. Finally, the author’s view that organic farming is financially unwise is completely
unsupported.
96. The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the admissions
office at Plateau College.
“Every person who earned an advanced degree in science or engineering from
Olympus University last year received numerous offers of excellent jobs. Typically,
many of the Plateau College graduates who want to pursue an advanced degree
have gone on to Olympus. Therefore, enrolling as an u...
Download English 9 (Tham khảo) miễn phí
1. The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a
processor of frozen foods. . 14
2. The following appeared in a memorandum from the business department of the Apogee Company.
. 15
3. The following appeared in a memorandum issued by a large city’s council on the arts. 15
4. The following appeared in a report presented for discussion at a meeting of the directors of a
company that manufactures parts for heavy machinery. . 16
5. The following appeared in an announcement issued by the publisher of The Mercury, a weekly
newspaper. . 17
6. The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine devoted to regional life. . 18
7. The following appeared in the health section of a magazine on trends and lifestyles. 19
8. The following appeared in the editorial section of a corporate newsletter. . 19
9. The following appeared in the opinion column of a financial magazine. 20
10. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 22
11. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 23
12. The following appeared as part of a promotional campaign to sell advertising space in the Daily
Gazette to grocery stores in the Marston area. . 24
13. The following appeared as part of a campaign to sell advertising time on a local radio station to
local businesses. . 25
14. The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial. 26
15. The following appeared as a part of an advertisement for Adams, who is seeking reelection as
governor. . 27
16. The following appeared as part of an article in the education section of a Waymarsh City
newspaper. . 28
17. The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine. . 29
18. The following is an excerpt from a memo written by the head of a governmental department. 30
19. The following appeared as part of an article in the travel section of a newspaper. 31
20. The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine. 32
21. The following appeared as part of an editorial in an industry newsletter. . 33
22. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper. . 34
23. The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city council. . 35
24. The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to the manager of
Mammon Savings and Loan. . 36
25. The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles. . 37
26. The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial management and
consulting firm. 38
27. The following appeared in a newspaper editorial. 39
28. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 40
29. The following was excerpted from the speech of a spokesperson for Synthetic Farm Products,
Inc. 41
30. The following appeared in a newspaper story giving advice about investments. 42
31. The following appeared as part of the business plan of an investment and financial consulting
firm. . 43
32. The following appeared in the editorial section of a West Cambria newspaper. . 44
33. The following is part of a business plan being discussed at a board meeting of the Perks
Company. 44
34. The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company
to the president. . 45
35. The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the financial planning office to the
administration of Fern Valley University. . 46
36. The following appeared in an article in a college departmental newsletter . 47
37. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 48
38. The following appeared in the editorial section of a campus newspaper. 49
39. The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum. 50
40. The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine. 51
41. The following appeared as part of an article in a trade publication. . 52
42. The following appeared in the opinion section of a national newsmagazine. . 53
43. The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper. . 53
44. The following is part of a business plan created by the management of the Megamart grocery
store. 54
45. The following appeared as part of a column in a popular entertainment magazine. 55
46. The following appeared in a memorandum from the directors of a security and safety consulting
service. . 56
47. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 57
48. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 58
49. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 58
50. The following appeared as part of a business plan recommended by the new manager of a
musical rock group called Zapped. . 59
51. The following appeared in a magazine article on trends and lifestyles. . 60
52. The following editorial appeared in the Elm City paper. . 61
53. The following appeared as part of an editorial in a weekly newsmagazine. . 62
54. The following appeared in an Excelsior Company memorandum. 62
55. The following appeared as part of an article in a health club trade publication. 63
56. The following appeared as part of an article in a popular arts and leisure magazine. . 64
57. The following is from a campaign by Big Boards, Inc., to convince companies in River City that
their sales will increase if they use Big Boards billboards for advertising their locally
manufactured products. 65
58. The following appeared as part of an article on government funding of environmental regulatory
agencies. . 66
59. The following appeared as part of an article in a popular science magazine. 67
60. The following appeared as part of a recommendation by one of the directors of the Beta
Company. 68
61. The following appeared in the letters-to-the-editor section of a local newspaper. 69
62. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 69
63. The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human Resources to the
executive officers of Company X. . 70
64. The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice president of Road Food, an
international chain of fast-food restaurants. . 71
65. The following appeared in the promotional literature for Cerberus dog food. . 72
66. The following appeared in an article in a travel magazine. . 73
67. The following appeared in a memorandum to the planning department of an investment firm. 74
68. The following appeared in a memorandum from a company’s marketing department. 74
69. The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of a company that makes (
Glabrous) shampoo. . 75
70. The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business manager of a
department store. . 76
71. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a regional newspaper. . 77
72. The following appeared as part of an editorial in a campus newspaper. 78
73. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from a government agency. 79
74. The following appeared as part of an article in an entertainment magazine. 79
75. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a popular science and technology magazine.
. 80
76. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. . 81
77. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. 82
78. The following appeared in the editorial section of a monthly business newsmagazine. . 83
79. The following appeared as part of a company memorandum. . 83
80. The following appeared in the editorial section of a daily newspaper. . 84
81. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper in the country of West Cambria.
. 85
82. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the vice president of Nostrum, a large
pharmaceutical corporation. . 86
83. The following appeared as part of an article on trends in television. 87
84. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a daily newspaper. . 88
85. The following appeared as part of an article in a photography magazine. . 89
86. The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. 90
87. The following appeared in an ad for a book titled How to Write a Screenplay for a Movie. . 91
88. The following appeared in a memorandum from the ElectroWares company’s marketing
department. . 92
89. The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper. . 93
90. The following appeared as part of an article in a local newspaper. 93
91. The following appeared in a proposal from the development office at Platonic University. 94
92. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper. . 95
93. The following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of KMTV, a television station. . 96
94. The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine. 97
95. The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade publication. . 97
96. The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the admissions office at Plateau
College. . 98
97. The following appeared in a memorandum sent by a vice-president of the Nadir Company to the
company’s human resources department. . 99
98. The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine for breweries. . 100
99. The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda. . 101
100. The following appeared as part of an article in the book section of a newspaper. 102
101. The following appeared as an editorial in a magazine concerned with educational issues. . 103
102. The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the management of the Take
Heart Fitness Center. . 104
103. The following appeared in a letter from a staff member in the office of admissions at Argent
University. . 105
104. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the loan department of the Frostbite
National Bank. 106
105. The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. 107
106. The following appeared in a memo to the Saluda town council from the town’s business
manager. 107
107. The following appeared in a memorandum written by the assistant manager of a store that
sells gourmet food items from various countries. 108
108. The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of research and development at
Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm. . 109
109. The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice-president of the Dolci Candy Company.
. 110
115 ISSUE Sample . 112
1. In some countries, television and radio programs are carefully censored for offensive language
and behavior. In other countries, there is little or no censorship. 112
2. “It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to
conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect
to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”. 112
3. “Corporations and other businesses should try to eliminate the many ranks and salary grades that
classify employees according to their experience and expertise. A ‘flat’ organizational structure is
more likely to encourage collegiality and cooperation among employees.”. 113
4. “Of all the manifestations* of power, restraint in the use of that power impresses people most.”
. 114
5. “All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and
shares responsibilities and duties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a
project or task is not an effective way to get work done.” . 115
6. “There is only one definition of success — to be able to spend your life in your own way.” . 115
7. “The best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them
how to attain it.” . 116
8. “For hundreds of years, the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange
of metal coins and printed pieces of paper. However, because of recent developments in
technology, the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and
paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.” . 117
9. “Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from
the workplace.” . 118
10. “In any enterprise, the process of making or doing something is ultimately more important than
the final product.” . 118
11. “When someone achieves greatness in any field — such as the arts, science, politics, or business
— that person’s achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.” . 119
12. “Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society. Just as
property and money once were the keys to success, education has now become the element
that most ensures success in life.”. 120
13. “Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual
person, not to government.” . 121
14. “Organizations should be structured in a clear hierarchy in which the people at each level, from
top to bottom, are held accountable for completing a particular component of the work. Any
other organizational structure goes against human nature and will ultimately prove fruitless.” 121
15. “Nations should cooperate to develop regulations that limit children’s access to adult material on
the Internet.” * . 122
16. “Public buildings reveal much about the attitudes and values of the society that builds them.
Today’s new schools, courthouses, airports, and libraries, for example, reflect the attitudes and
values of today’s society.” . 123
17. “Some people believe that the best approach to effective time management is to make detailed
daily and long-term plans and then to adhere to them. However, this highly structured approach
to work is counterproductive. Time management needs to be flexible so that employees can
respond to unexpected problems as they arise.”. 124
18. “If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money, then conflict is inevitable
when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.” . 125
19. Some employers who recruit recent college graduates for entry-level jobs evaluate applicants
only on their performance in business courses such as accounting, marketing, and economics.
However, other employers also expect applicants to have a broad background in such courses as
history, literature, and philosophy. . 125
20. “In this age of automation, many people complain that humans are becoming subservient to
machines. But, in fact, machines are continually improving our lives.”. 127
21. “Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service.
Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining
consistently high levels of productivity.” . 128
22. “Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to
produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”
. 129
23. “Schools should be responsible only for teaching academic skills and not for teaching ethical and
social values.”. 129
24. “A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a community or
a nation than does any government official.”. 130
25. “The best strategy for managing a business, or any enterprise, is to find the most capable
people and give them as much authority as possible.” . 131
26. “Location has traditionally been one of the most important determinants of a business’s success.
The importance of location is not likely to change, no matter how advanced the development of
computer communications and others kinds of technology becomes.”. 132
27. “A company’s long-term success is primarily dependent on the job satisfaction and the job
security felt by the company’s employees.”. 132
28. “Because businesses use high-quality advertising to sell low-quality products, schools should
give students extensive training in how to make informed decisions before making purchases.”
. 133
29. “Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on
the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”. 134
30. “Companies benefit when they discourage employees from working extra hours or taking work
home. When employees spend their leisure time without ‘producing’ something for the job, they
will be more focused and effective when they return to work.” . 134
31. “Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.” . 135
32. “You can tell the ideas of a nation by its advertisements.”. 136
33. “People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to
perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”. 137
34. “All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service
would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.” . 137
35. “Business relations are infected through and through with the disease of short-sighted motives.
We are so concerned with immediate results and short-term goals that we fail to look beyond
them.”. 138
36. “Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team.
Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment
and energy, who gets things done.” . 139
37. “Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society,
schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the
arts and humanities.”. 139
38. “Courtesy is rapidly disappearing from everyday interactions, and as a result, we are all the
poorer for it.” . 140
39. “It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of
a fulfilling personal life.” . 141
40. “With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need
to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens
of a particular country.” . 142
41. “The best way to preserve the natural environment is to impose penalties—whether fines,
imprisonment, or other punishments—on those who are most responsible for polluting or
otherwise damaging it.” . 142
42. “Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the
environment. Since these standards keep shifting, companies should resist changing their
products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations
become government regulations.”. 143
43. “The most important reason for studying history is not that knowledge of history can make us
better people or a better society but that it can provide clues to solving the societal problems
that we face today.”. 144
44. “All companies should invest heavily in advertising because high-quality advertising can sell
almost any product or service.”. 145
45. “The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is
to follow the highest standards of ethics.” . 146
46. Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies, but bureaucracy is
far more damaging to a business than it is to a government. 147
47. The primary responsibility for preventing environmental damage belongs to government, not to
individuals or private industry. . 147
48. In matching job candidates with job openings, managers must consider not only such variables
as previous work experience and educational background but also personality traits and work
habits, which are more difficult to judge. . 148
49. “Ask most older people to identify the key to success, and they are likely to reply ‘hard work.’
Yet, I would tell people starting off in a career that work in itself is not the key. In fact, you have
to approach work cautiously—too much or too little can be self-defeating.”. 149
50. How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly
successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation. 150
51. “The presence of a competitor is always beneficial to a company. Competition forces a company
to change itself in ways that improve its practices.” . 150
52. “Successful individuals typically set their next goal somewhat—but not too much—above their
last achievement. In this way, they steadily raise their level of aspiration.” . 151
53. “The term ‘user-friendly’ is usually applied to the trouble-free way that computer software
moves people from screen to screen, function to function. However, the term can also refer to a
government office, a library, public transportation, or anything designed to provide information
or services in an easy, friendly way. Just as all societies have many striking examples of
user-friendly services, so do they abound in examples of user-unfriendly systems.” Identify a
system or service that you have found to be either “user-friendly” or “user-unfriendly.” . 152
54. “Popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests. Superficiality, obscenity,
and violence characterize films and television today because those qualities are commercially
successful.” . 153
55. “Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do, and they will surprise you with their
ingenuity.”. 154
56. “The secret of business is to know something that nobody else knows.”. 154
57. “Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more
respectful of one another’s differences.”. 155
58. “What is the final objective of business? It is to make the obtaining of a living—the obtaining of
food, clothing, shelter, and a minimum of luxuries—so mechanical and so little time-consuming
that people shall have time for other things.” . 156
59. “Juvenile crime is a serious social problem, and businesses must become more involved in
helping to prevent it.”. 157
60. “Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other
aspects of their personal lives without the employees’ permission.”. 157
61. “Even at its best, a government is a tremendous burden to business, though a necessary one.”
. 158
62. “What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on
the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the
similarities among all people and places on Earth.”. 159
63. “As government bureaucracy increases, citizens become more and more separated from their
government.” . 159
64. “The goal of business should not be to make as big a profit as possible. Instead, business
should also concern itself with the wellbeing (n. ) of the public.”. 160
65. “The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity*. Because people
everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are
rapidly disappearing.” . 161
66. “Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe. If a product injures
someone, for whatever reason, the manufacturer should be held legally and financially
accountable for the injury.” . 162
67. “Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests, their leisure activities,
even their appearance away from the workplace.” . 162
68. “Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees
themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.” . 163
69. “The most important quality in an employee is not specific knowledge or technical competence.
Instead, it is the ability to work well with other employees.” . 164
70. “So long as no laws are broken, there is nothing unethical about doing whatever you need to do
to promote existing products or to create new products.” . 165
71. “Commercialism has become too widespread. It has even crept into schools and places of
worship. Every nation should place limits on what kinds of products, if any, can be sold at certain
events or places.” . 165
72. “Companies should not try to improve employees’ performance by giving incentives—for
example, awards or gifts. These incentives encourage negative kinds of behavior instead of
encouraging a genuine interest in doing the work well.” . 166
73. People often give the following advice: “Be yourself. Follow your instincts and behave in a way
that feels natural.”. 167
74. “The people we remember best are the ones who broke the rules.” . 168
75. “There are essentially two forces that motivate people: self-interest and fear.” . 168
76. “For a leader there is nothing more difficult, and therefore more important, than to be able to
make decisions.”. 169
77. Although “genius” is difficult to define, one of the qualities of genius is the ability to transcend
traditional modes of thought and create new ones. . 170
78. Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but
controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better
used for modern purposes. 170
79. “The ability to deal with people is as purchasable a commodity as sugar or coffee, and it is
worth more than any other commodity under the sun.” . 171
80. “As individuals, people save too little and borrow too much.” . 172
81. “No one can possibly achieve any real and lasting success or ‘get rich’ in business by conforming
to conventional practices or ways of thinking.” . 173
82. “Business and government must do more, much more, to meet the needs and goals of women
in the workplace.”. 173
83. “We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”. 174
84. “A business should not be held responsible for providing customers with complete information
11
about its products or services; customers should have the responsibility of gathering information
about the products or services they may want to buy.” . 175
85. “Advertising is the most influential and therefore the most important artistic achievement of the
twentieth century.” . 176
86. “Whether promoting a product, an event, or a person, an advertising campaign is most effective
when it appeals to emotion rather than to reason.” . 176
87. “As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs.
The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual
worker, not to government or to business.” . 177
88. “Each generation must accept blame not only for the hateful words and actions of some of its
members but also for the failure of other members to speak out against those words and
actions.”. 178
89. “The study of history is largely a waste of time because it prevents us from focusing on the
challenges of the present.” . 178
90. “People often complain that products are not made to last. They feel that making products that
wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. What they fail to see, however,
is that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the consumer and stimulate demand.”
. 179
91. “Government should establish regulations to reduce or eliminate any suspected health hazards
in the environment, even when the scientific studies of these health hazards are incomplete or
contradictory.” . 181
92. “Employees should show loyalty to their company by fully supporting the company’s managers
and policies, even when the employees believe that the managers and policies are misguided.”
. 182
93. “To be successful, companies should trust their workers and give them as much freedom as
possible. Any company that tries to control employees’ behavior through a strict system of
rewards and punishments will soon find that such controls have a negative effect on employee
morale and, consequently, on the company’s success.”. 182
94. “If parents want to prepare their children to succeed in life, teaching the children self-discipline
is more important than teaching them self-esteem.”. 183
95. “Companies are never justified in employing young children, even if the child’s family would
benefit from the income.”. 184
96. “In order to understand a society, we must examine the contents of its museums and the
subjects of its memorials. What a society chooses to preserve, display, and commemorate is the
truest indicator of what the society values.” . 185
97. “In business, more than in any other social arena, men and women have learned how to share
power effectively.” . 185
98. “In order to accommodate the increasing number of undergraduate students, college and
universities should offer most courses through distance learning, such as videotaped instruction
that can be accessed through the Internet or cable television. Requiring students to appear at a
designated time and place is no longer an effective or efficient way of teaching most
undergraduate courses.”. 186
99. “If a nation is to ensure its own economic success, it must maintain a highly competitive
educational system in which students compete among themselves and against students from
other countries.”. 187
100. “In order to force companies to improve policies and practices considered unethical or harmful,
society should rely primarily on consumer action—such as refusal to buy products—rather than
legislative action.”. 188
101. “The automobile has caused more problems than it has solved. Most societies would probably
be much better off if the automobile had never been invented.” . 189
102. “An advanced degree may Giúp someone get a particular job. Once a person begins working,
however, the advanced degree and the formal education it represents are rarely relevant to
success on the job.” . 190
103. “Most people today place too much emphasis on satisfying their immediate desires. The overall
quality of life would be greatly improved if we all focused instead on meeting our long-term
needs.” . 190
104. “The value of any nation should be measured more by its scientific and artistic achievements
than by its business successes.”. 191
105. “All archeological treasures should remain in the country in which they were originally
discovered. These works should not be exported, even if museums in other parts of the world
are better able to preserve and display them.” . 192
106. “The most effective way for managers to assign work is to divide complex tasks into their
simpler component parts. This way, each worker completes a small portion of the task but
contributes to the whole.”. 193
107. “People are overwhelmed by the increasing amount of information available on the computer.
Therefore, the immediate goal of the information technology industry should be to Giúp people
learn how to obtain the information they need efficiently and wisely.”. 193
108. “Employees should not have full access to their own personnel files. If, for example, employees
were allowed to see certain confidential materials, the people supplying that information would
not be likely to express their opinions candidly.” . 194
109. “All personnel evaluations at a company should be multi-directional — that is, people at every
level of the organization should review not only those working ‘under’ them but also those
working ‘over’ them.”. 195
110. “The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.”196
13
111. “Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most
societies has never been better than at the present time.”. 197
112. “In most fields—including education, politics, and business—the prevailing philosophy never
stays in place very long. This pattern of constantly shifting from one theoretical position to
another is an inevitable reflection of human nature: people soon tire of the status quo.”. 197
113. “It is essential that the nations of the world increase spending on the building of space stations
and on the exploration of other planets, even if that means spending less on other government
programs.” . 198
114. “Technology ultimately separates and alienates people more than it serves to bring them
together.” . 199
134. “Although many people object to advertisements and solicitations that intrude into their lives
through such means as the telephone, the Internet, and television, companies and organizations
must have the right to contact potential customers and donors whenever and however they
wish.”. 200
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in agriculture,changing its programming focus to farming issues would most likely be disastrous. Lacking
information about the towns KOOP and KMTV serve it is difficult to assess the author’s
recommendation.
Finally, the author assumes that KMTV’s decrease in applications for advertising was due to its
programming. However, since the author provides no evidence to support this assumption, it may
be that the decrease was caused by other factors, such as recession in the local economy or
transmission problems at the station. Without ruling out these and other possible causes the
author cannot confidently conclude that KMTV’s programming was responsible for the decrease in
advertising applications at hat station.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would
have to provide additional evidence for the claim that KOOP’s change in focus was responsible for
its increase in advertising applications and that KMTV’s decrease in applications was due to its
programming. Furthermore, it would be necessary to show that the towns that KOOP and KMTV
Argument 97
serve are sufficiently similar to justify the analogy between them.
94. The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine.
“A year ago Apex Manufacturing bought its managers computers for their homes
and paid for telephone connections so that they could access Apex computers and
data files from home after normal business hours. Since last year, productivity at
Apex has increased by 15 percent. Other companies can learn from the success at
Apex: given home computers and access to company resources, employees will
work additional hours at home and thereby increase company profits.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
In this article the author attributes Apex Manufacturing’s 15 percent increase in productivity
over the past year to its decision to equip its manager with computers and paid telephone
connections for their homes so that they would access company computers and files from home
after normal business hours. On the basis of Apex’s experience the author recommends that other
companies follow Apex’s example and provide computers and access to company resources to their
employees. The author believes that such a policy would increase productivity and profits for
other companies, just as it did for Apex. The author’s line of reasoning is questionable for several
reasons.
First, the author assumes that Apex’s increase in productivity is due to its equipping its managers
with home computers and access to company resources. However, the only evidence offered in
support of this claim is the fact that Apex’s increase in productivity occurred after the home
computers and after-hours access was provided. Unfortunately, this evidence is insufficient to
establish the causal claim in question. While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required
to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition.
Consequently, it is possible that Apex’s increase in productivity is not related to its decision to
equip its managers with computers and after-hours access in the fashion required by the author’s
argument.
Second, the author assumes that Apex and other companies are sufficiently similar to warrant a
conclusion based on an analogy between them. Even if we accept the view that Apex’s increase in
productivity was brought about by its policy of enabling its managers to work from home,
differences between Apex and other companies could nullify this result. Lacking detailed
information about Apex and the other companies in question it is difficult to assess the author’s
conclusion.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would
have to provide additional evidence for the claim that Apex’s decision to provide its managers with
home computers and access to company resources was responsible for its increase in productivity.
Furthermore, it would be necessary to show that Apex and other companies are sufficiently
similar to justify the analogy between them.
95. The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade publication.
“Farmers who switched from synthetic to organic farming last year have seen their
crop yields decline. Many of these farmers feel that it would be too expensive to
resume synthetic farming at this point, given the money that they invested in
organic farming supplies and equipment. But their investments will be relatively
minor compared to the losses from continued lower crop yields. Organic farmers
should switch to synthetic farming rather than persist in an unwise course. And the
choice to farm organically is financially unwise, given that it was motivated by
environmental rather than economic concerns.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
In this article the author recommends that farmers who switched from synthetic to organic
farming last year should switch back to synthetic farming as soon as possible. Citing a decline in
crop yields as the primary reason for the recommendation to reverse course, the author predicts
that crop yields for organic farmers will continue to be lower unless synthetic farming is resumed.
Moreover, the author argues that organic farming is not a financially viable choice for farmers in
any case because it is motivated by environmental, not economic, concerns. The author’s position is
unconvincing for several reasons.
First, there is no evidence that the first-year yields of farmers who switched to organic farming
are representative of their future yields. Common sense would lead one to expect that first-year
yields would be lower simple due to the inexperience of farmers accustomed to synthetic farming
methods. Moreover, other factors such as weather or infertile seed stock could be responsible
for the lower yields. Since the author does not address these or other factors that could account
for the lower yields, his prediction that yields will continue to be lower unless a switch is made
back to synthetic farming is not well founded.
Second, the author assumes that economic and environmental concerns are mutually exclusive and
that only enterprises motivated by economic concerns are financially rewarding. These
assumptions are not supported in the argument. Moreover, there are good reasons to suspect they
may be false in the case at hand. For example, while it may be true that synthetic farming
methods produce significantly higher yields in the short term, it may also be the case that they
fail to sustain this yield in the long term, whereas the opposite is true for organic methods. If
this were the case, the financial advantage of synthetic over organic method would be illusory.
In conclusion, the author’s prediction that yields will continue to lower for farmers who adopt
organic farming methods is not well reasoned. To strengthen this forecast it would be necessary
to examine and eliminate other possible factors that could account for the lower yields
experienced. Lacking a full examination of these factors, it is difficult to accept the author’s
position. Finally, the author’s view that organic farming is financially unwise is completely
unsupported.
96. The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the admissions
office at Plateau College.
“Every person who earned an advanced degree in science or engineering from
Olympus University last year received numerous offers of excellent jobs. Typically,
many of the Plateau College graduates who want to pursue an advanced degree
have gone on to Olympus. Therefore, enrolling as an u...