Environmental Bioengineering
Handbook of Environmental Engineering Volume 11
Editors:
Lawrence K. Wang,
Joo-Hwa Tay,
Stephen Tiong Lee Tay,
Yung-Tse Hung
The impact of pollution on the environment has emerged as a particularly critical area of research in recent years. The Handbook of Environmental Engineering is a collection of methodologies that study the effects of pollution and waste in their three basic forms: gas, solid, and liquid. In this invaluable volume, Volume 11: Environmental Bioengineering, expert researchers explore the engineering applications of biotechnologies.A sister volume to Volume 10, Environmental Biotechnology, this work introduces such essential and varied topics as land disposal of biosolids, heavy metal removal by crops, pre-treatment and bio-treatment of sludge, fermentation of kitchen garbage, phyotoremediation for heavy metal contaminated soils, bioremediation, wetland treatment, biosorption of heavy metals, and rotating biological contactors (RBC) for carbon and nitrogen removal. A critical volume in the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, chapters employ methods of practical design and calculation illustrated by numerical examples, include pertinent cost data whenever possible, and explore in great detail the fundamental principles of the field. Comprehensive and groundbreaking, Volume 11: Environmental Bioengineering presents innovative solutions to some of the most recent and significant pollution problems that the world is facing today.
Preface
The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive
actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms
of pollution – air, water, soil, and noise. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of
waste production, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as
an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can
only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three
major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How
serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of
abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? This book is one of the volumes of the
Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to
Giúp readers formulate answers to the above three questions.
The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific pollution problems
has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has
accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.”
However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current
environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement
systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the performance,
potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution abatement available for envi-
ronmental scientists and engineers. In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial
level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (processes, operations, and methods) currently
being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified
interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of
environmental engineering.
Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering
formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories of
chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental science
recognizes that engineering practice has, in recent years, become more firmly based on
scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of facts.
It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most
economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scien-
tific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and
empiricism.
Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the context of application,
we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by
exposition of the pertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations of their
applications to environmental quality control or remediation. Throughout the series, methods
of practical design and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples
clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear
solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data have been provided.
Our treatment of pollution-abatement engineering is offered in the belief that the trained
engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles, be more aware of the similar-
ities and/or differences among many of the engineering systems, and exhibit greater flexibility
and originality in the definition and innovative solution of environmental pollution problems.
In short, the environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily
adaptable to change and progress.
Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an
expertise that could only be provided through multiple authorships. Each author (or group
of authors) was permitted to employ, within reasonable limits, the customary personal style in
organizing and presenting a particular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat
all subject material in a homogeneous manner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some
of the authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less important
topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly. All authors have provided an
excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit of interested readers. As
each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among the various texts was
unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or repetitions are the responsibility of the editors and
not the individual authors. With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a
consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors have used the
British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. The
editors sincerely hope that this duplicity of units’ usage will prove to be useful rather than
being disruptive to the readers.
The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire
environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and
resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes,
biosolids management, water resources, natural control processes, radioactive waste disposal,
and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental
pollution control since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated.
This particular book, Vol. 11, Environmental Bioengineering, deals mainly with engineer-
ing applications of biotechnologies, and is a sister book to Vol. 10, Environmental Biotechnol-
ogy. Previous Vol. 10 introduces the mechanisms of environmental biotechnology processes,
different microbiological classifications useful for environmental engineers, microbiology,
metabolism, microbial ecology, natural and environmental engineering systems, bioengineer-
ing of isolated life support systems, classification and design of solid-state processes and reac-
tors, value-added biotechnological products, design of anaerobic suspended bioprocesses and
reactors, selection and design of membrane bioreactors, and aerobic and anoxic suspended-
growth systems, aerobic and anaerobic attached growth systems, sequencing batch reactors,
innovative flotation biological systems, phosphurs removal biotechnologies, and biosolids and
septage management.
This Vol. 11 introduces land disposal of biosolids, heavy metal removal by crops, pre-
treatment of sludge for sludge digestion, bio-treatment of sludge, fermentaion of kitchen
garbage, phytoremediation for sludge treatment, phyotoremediation for heavy metal contami-
nated soils using vetiver grass, bioremediatioon, wetland treatment, biosorption of heavy met-
als, rotating biological contactors (RBC) for carbon and nitrogen removal, anaerobic biofilm
reactor, biological phosphorus removal, black and grey water treatment, milk wastewater treat-
ment, tomato wastewater treatment, gelatine and animal glue production from skin wastes,
fungal biomass protein production, algae harvest energy conversion, and living machine for
wastewater treatment.
These two books together (Vols. 10 and 11) have been designed to serve as comprehensive
environmental biotechnology and bioengineering textbooks as well as wide-ranging reference
books. We hope and expect they will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and
graduate students, to designers of biotechnology and bioengineering systems, and to scientists
and researchers. The editors welcome comments from readers in all of these categories.
The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their
colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to thank
the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews
and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our respective families for their
patience and understanding during some rather trying times.
The editors are especially indebted toMs. Kathleen Hung Li at Texas Hospital Association,
Austin, TX, for her dedicated service as the Consulting Editor of Vol. 11.
Lawrence K. Wang, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA
Joo-Hwa Tay, Singapore
Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Link tải:
Handbook of Environmental Engineering Volume 11
Editors:
Lawrence K. Wang,
Joo-Hwa Tay,
Stephen Tiong Lee Tay,
Yung-Tse Hung
The impact of pollution on the environment has emerged as a particularly critical area of research in recent years. The Handbook of Environmental Engineering is a collection of methodologies that study the effects of pollution and waste in their three basic forms: gas, solid, and liquid. In this invaluable volume, Volume 11: Environmental Bioengineering, expert researchers explore the engineering applications of biotechnologies.A sister volume to Volume 10, Environmental Biotechnology, this work introduces such essential and varied topics as land disposal of biosolids, heavy metal removal by crops, pre-treatment and bio-treatment of sludge, fermentation of kitchen garbage, phyotoremediation for heavy metal contaminated soils, bioremediation, wetland treatment, biosorption of heavy metals, and rotating biological contactors (RBC) for carbon and nitrogen removal. A critical volume in the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, chapters employ methods of practical design and calculation illustrated by numerical examples, include pertinent cost data whenever possible, and explore in great detail the fundamental principles of the field. Comprehensive and groundbreaking, Volume 11: Environmental Bioengineering presents innovative solutions to some of the most recent and significant pollution problems that the world is facing today.
Preface
The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive
actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms
of pollution – air, water, soil, and noise. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of
waste production, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as
an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can
only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three
major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How
serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of
abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? This book is one of the volumes of the
Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to
Giúp readers formulate answers to the above three questions.
The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific pollution problems
has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has
accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.”
However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current
environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement
systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the performance,
potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution abatement available for envi-
ronmental scientists and engineers. In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial
level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (processes, operations, and methods) currently
being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified
interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of
environmental engineering.
Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering
formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories of
chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental science
recognizes that engineering practice has, in recent years, become more firmly based on
scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of facts.
It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most
economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scien-
tific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and
empiricism.
Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the context of application,
we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by
exposition of the pertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations of their
applications to environmental quality control or remediation. Throughout the series, methods
of practical design and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples
clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear
solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data have been provided.
Our treatment of pollution-abatement engineering is offered in the belief that the trained
engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles, be more aware of the similar-
ities and/or differences among many of the engineering systems, and exhibit greater flexibility
and originality in the definition and innovative solution of environmental pollution problems.
In short, the environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily
adaptable to change and progress.
Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an
expertise that could only be provided through multiple authorships. Each author (or group
of authors) was permitted to employ, within reasonable limits, the customary personal style in
organizing and presenting a particular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat
all subject material in a homogeneous manner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some
of the authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less important
topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly. All authors have provided an
excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit of interested readers. As
each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among the various texts was
unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or repetitions are the responsibility of the editors and
not the individual authors. With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a
consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors have used the
British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. The
editors sincerely hope that this duplicity of units’ usage will prove to be useful rather than
being disruptive to the readers.
The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire
environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and
resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes,
biosolids management, water resources, natural control processes, radioactive waste disposal,
and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental
pollution control since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated.
This particular book, Vol. 11, Environmental Bioengineering, deals mainly with engineer-
ing applications of biotechnologies, and is a sister book to Vol. 10, Environmental Biotechnol-
ogy. Previous Vol. 10 introduces the mechanisms of environmental biotechnology processes,
different microbiological classifications useful for environmental engineers, microbiology,
metabolism, microbial ecology, natural and environmental engineering systems, bioengineer-
ing of isolated life support systems, classification and design of solid-state processes and reac-
tors, value-added biotechnological products, design of anaerobic suspended bioprocesses and
reactors, selection and design of membrane bioreactors, and aerobic and anoxic suspended-
growth systems, aerobic and anaerobic attached growth systems, sequencing batch reactors,
innovative flotation biological systems, phosphurs removal biotechnologies, and biosolids and
septage management.
This Vol. 11 introduces land disposal of biosolids, heavy metal removal by crops, pre-
treatment of sludge for sludge digestion, bio-treatment of sludge, fermentaion of kitchen
garbage, phytoremediation for sludge treatment, phyotoremediation for heavy metal contami-
nated soils using vetiver grass, bioremediatioon, wetland treatment, biosorption of heavy met-
als, rotating biological contactors (RBC) for carbon and nitrogen removal, anaerobic biofilm
reactor, biological phosphorus removal, black and grey water treatment, milk wastewater treat-
ment, tomato wastewater treatment, gelatine and animal glue production from skin wastes,
fungal biomass protein production, algae harvest energy conversion, and living machine for
wastewater treatment.
These two books together (Vols. 10 and 11) have been designed to serve as comprehensive
environmental biotechnology and bioengineering textbooks as well as wide-ranging reference
books. We hope and expect they will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and
graduate students, to designers of biotechnology and bioengineering systems, and to scientists
and researchers. The editors welcome comments from readers in all of these categories.
The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their
colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to thank
the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews
and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our respective families for their
patience and understanding during some rather trying times.
The editors are especially indebted toMs. Kathleen Hung Li at Texas Hospital Association,
Austin, TX, for her dedicated service as the Consulting Editor of Vol. 11.
Lawrence K. Wang, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA
Joo-Hwa Tay, Singapore
Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Link tải:
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