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Luận văn tiếng Anh: Vietnamese-Australian cross-cultural study on hiding feelings at the workplace = Nghiên cứu giao thoa văn hóa về cách che gíấu cảm xúc nơi công sở của người Úc và người Việt. M.A Thesis Linguistics: 60 22 15
Nhà xuất bản: ĐHNN
Ngày: 2009
Chủ đề: Tiếng Anh
Giao văn hóa
Giao tiếp
Miêu tả: 51. + CD-ROM
M.A Thesis Linguistics -- College of Foreign Languages. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………………………… i
Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………… ..ii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………iii
Table of content …………………………………………………………………………………………iv
List of tables ……………………………………………………………………………………………v
Abbreviations and Conventions ……………………………………………………………………vi
part I: introduction …………………………………...1
1 Rationale of the study ………………………………………………………………….……1
2. Aims and objectives of the study. ……………………………………………………….….2
3. Scope of the study……………………………………………………………………….…..3
4. Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….…..3
5.Significance of the study: …………………………………………………………………….3
6. The design of the study: ………………………………………………………………….….4
Part II: development …………………………………..5
Chapter 1: Literature Review ………………………………………………………5
1.1.Culture……………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2. Communication……………………………………………………………………………5
1.2.1. Communication………………………………………………………………………6
1.2.2. Factors affecting human communication ……………………………………………...8
1.3. Culture and Communication ………………………………………………………………9
1.4. Politeness………………………………………………………………………………...12v
1.4.1. Notion of politeness……………………………………………………………………12
1.4.2. Notions of face and facework …………………………………………………………13
1.4.3. Politeness strategies …………………………………………………………………...14
1.5. Hiding feelings in social interaction ………………………………………………..……16
Chapter II: Methodology …………………………………………………………...20
2.1. Data collection instrument………………………………………………………………20
2.2. Questionnaire and Participants ………………………………………………………….20
2.3. Administration of the Questionnaires …………………………………………………...22
Chapter 3: findings and Discussions…………………………………………24
3.1. What are the influential factors on the choice of verbal strategies of hiding feelings in
Australian English and Vietnamese? …………………………………/……………………24
3.2. How often do Vietnamese and Australian people hide their feelings at the workplace?………………28
3.3. What are the verbal strategies of hiding feelings used by Australian and Vietnamese people?…………29
3.3.1. Verbalstrategies used by Australian and Vietnamese people to hide their feelings…………………..29
3.3.2. Use of strategies by Vietnamese participants in specific situations ………………..…32
3.3.3 Use of strategies by Australian participants in specific situations ……………………35
3.4 Some explanations…………………………………………………………………........37
Part III : conclusion and implications ………………..40
1. Major findings………………………………………………………………………………40
2. Implication of the study…………………………………………………………………….41
2.1. Implications for intercultural communicators ……………………………………………41
2.2. Implications for EFL teachers ……………………………………………………………41
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3. Limitations of the study and Recommendations for future research ………………………42
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………...44
Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………………46
Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………………49vii
Abbreviations and CONVENTIONS
Dct Discourse completion Task
FTA Face threatening Act
EFL English as a Foreign Language
L2 Second language
S Subject
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Factors governing the choice of strategies in hiding feelings by Vietnamese
people……………………………………………………………………………….23
Table 2: Factors governing the choice of hiding feelings strategies by Australian
people……………………………………………………………………………….24
Table 3: Differences between Australian and Vietnamese participants hiding feelings in
specific situations (by percentage) ………………………………………………26
Table 4: The frequency of hiding feelings by the two groups (by percentage) …………28
Table 5: Differences between Australian and Vietnamese participants hiding feelings in
specific situations (by percentage) ………………………………………….…. 29
Table 6: Strategies used by Australian and Vietnamese people to hide their feelings
(by percentage) …………………………………………………………………….31
Table 7: Summary: Use of strategies by Vietnamese participants …………………………32
Table 8: Summary: Use of strategies by Australian ……………………………………….351
part I: introduction
I.1 Rationale of the study
It is undeniable that language is a tool of human communication. Various kinds of
meanings can be conveyed in language which involves the interaction between the
speaker and the hearers. However, successful communication requires not only pure
linguistic competence but also knowledge of social norms, social values and relations
between interactants. As language, to some extend, is part of or a manifestation of its
culture (Davies, 1989 in Nguyen Van Do, 2007). Culture, language, and society are
closely related to each other and interact between themselves. Therefore,
communication breakdown or culture shock may happen in cross – cultural interaction
when interactors are not aware of cultural barrier. In other words, the interpretation of
an utterance should be involved both linguistic pattern and the socio – cultural
background of the speaker.
It is no secret that today‘s workplace is rapidly becoming larger and larger, as the
business environment expands to include various geographic locations and span
numerous cultures. What can be difficult, however, is understanding how to
communicate effective with individuals who speak another language or who rely on
different means to reach a common goal.
The world today is dramatically different from that of twenty or even ten years ago.
The influence of Multinational Corporation, the technological revolution, the
―information superhighway‖ and the movement of the private and public sectors
towards globalization sets the sense. New laws, agreements and regional partnership
from NAFTA to GATT to the European Union or Asian, have contributed to make this
massive change not only possible but also achievable.
Vietnam is a country where intercultural contacts are rapidly increasing, following the
introduction of the renovation process since 1986. Opened door policy allows more
foreign companies and partners to invest in most industries in the country to Giúp boost
the economy. This process has resulted in increasing interactions between Vietnamese
and foreigners, especially from English – speaking countries.
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We investigate how culture influences the hiding feelings at the workplace by
Australian speakers of English and Vietnamese. We choose hiding feelings to study as
in our daily life we hide our feelings so often to achieve our purposes that we are
sometimes unaware of the fact that we are doing so. Hiding feelings is so important in
communication. Without it communication may be broken-down and our relationships
may be broken, as a result. Hiding feelings is very various across cultures so
misunderstanding can arise if we do not apply pragmatic competence appropriately.
Taking into consideration the importance of pragmatic competence and the social
setting of Vietnam, the study is significant in that it is conducted with the hope of
resolving and simplifying cross- cultural misunderstanding.
For more details:
I. 2. Aims and objectives of the study.
As far as we know, there is a gap in our understanding of how Vs and Aus hide their
feelings at the workplace and how culture influences their use of language patterns at
the workplace. So this study aims to find out:
1. How Australian and Vietnamese hide their feelings at the workplace.
2. How social-cultural factors such as social status, gender, age, … influence the
choice of hiding feeling strategies of both groups.
For more details, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the influential factors on verbal strategies of hiding feelings in
Australian English and Vietnamese?
2. How often do Vietnamese and Australian people hide their feelings at the
workplace?
3. What are the verbal strategies of hiding feelings used by Australian and
Vietnamese people?
Research hypotheses.
To achieve the aims of the study, the following hypotheses are suggested for
investigation:
a. There are some differences in the frequency and the way of hiding feelings at
the workplace between Vietnamese and Australian3
b. Some factors such as interlocutor‘s status, age, gender... affect the choice of
hiding feeling strategies used by Australian and Vietnamese people.
I. 3. Scope of the study.
Hiding feelings is clearly essential in communication. And to achieve the best result,
speaker usually makes use of both verbal and nonverbal cues. However, in fact, there
are a few nonverbal cues for hiding feelings: some use eyes contact, some use hands...
while many verbal cues are available for people to hide their feelings. These verbal
cues are various and different depending on the cultures of communicators, their
backgrounds ect.. Therefore, in this thesis, we would like to focus mainly on verbal
strategies.
Hiding feelings takes place everywhere: in the family, at school, at the public places…
However, the author choose to study hiding feelings at the workplace because the
world is now globalized, the workplace now is a multicultural place. Amid today‘s
heightened global tensions, success increasingly belongs to people who can work
effectively across cultures and languages. The author should think that the
understanding of how Australian and Vietnamese people hide their feelings may be
helpful for those working in multicultural environment.
The researcher makes an investigation into how Vietnamese and Australian use the
language to hide their true feelings at the workplace
I.4. Methodology
To achieve the aims and objectives mentioned above, the study compare and contrast
the verbal strategies of hiding feelings of the two groups basing on the statistical and
qualitative data collected from a survey questionnaire modified from the Discourse
Completion Task developed by Beebe et al. The survey questionnaires are given to 40
Vietnamese people who are working at offices in Hanoi and 40 Australian people who
are working in Australia. Besides, more information needed for the study are gathered
from researcher‘s observation.
To process the data, quantitative method, contrastive analysis methods are employed.
I. 5. Significance of the study.
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This study may provide insights into the similarities and differences between
Vietnamese and Australian in the frequency as well as the verbal strategies of hiding
feelings. The author would like to give some cultural explanations for these similarities
and differences. Hopefully, it may Giúp achieve successful communication in an
international working environment.
I. 6. The design of the study:
The study is divided into three parts: the introduction, the development and the
conclusion.
The introduction provides the information such as the rationale, the aims, the scope, the
method and the significance of the study.
The development consists of three chapters. Chapter one, Literature Review, presents
the concepts relevant to the research topic such as different points of view of culture
and communication, politeness..
Chapter two deals with specific information of the method, the survey questionnaire
and the respondents. It also presents analysis of the data collected from the survey
questionnaire.
The last chapter presents some major findings.
The conclusion is a review of the study, the limitation of the study and suggestions for
further study.5
Part II: development
Chapter 1: Literature Review
This chapter reviews the theories and literature within which the research is carried
out. It consists of 3 main sections. The two first sections view the theories of culture
and communication. The third one deals with the other related issues: politeness in
human communication.
1.1.Culture
Culture is ‗ubiquitous, complex and all-pervasive‘ (A. Samorva, 2007:10). Therefore, it
is very difficult to define this term. The term ‗culture‘ has a wide range of meanings
today because it has actually changed in meaning overtime. In fact, there are many
definitions of it ranging from complex and fancy to simple ones.
For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food. for
anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned
human behavior patterns. Edward B. Tylor (1871 in Heather Bowe and Kelie Martin,
2007) an anthropologist said that culture is "that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society‖(p2)
Here the author would like to use the definition of H. C. Triandis cited in A. Samorva,
2007:20 for the reason that this definition contains the theme under investigation in
this thesis of how culture and communication are linked. ―Culture is a set of humanmade objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability
of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and
thus become shared among those who could communicate with each other because they
had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.‖
Subjective elements mentioned in this definition are ―values, attitudes, beliefs,
orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society‖. All of
them influence your interpretation of the world and interactions in it.
1.2. Communication
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1.2.1. Communication.
People have known that communication is an important part of life, a well-integrated
part of day-to-day existence. ―Communication is powerful; It brings companions to our
sides or scatters our rivals, reassures or alerts children; and forges consensus or battle
lines between us‖ (C. F Keating, 19794 in Larry. A Samorva, 2007: 12). In fact, it is
one of those activities that everyone recognizes but few can define it satisfactorily.
How does one talk so that another person can understand? How does one know if he or
she has been heard or understood? These are all points about communication that have
been analyzed and explained.
Simply, we often define communication as sharing of ideas or feelings with others.
Communication takes place when one person transmits information and understanding
to another person. In other words, there is a communication when you respond or listen
to someone. ―Human communication is the process through which symbols are
transmitted for the purpose of eliciting a response‖ (A. Samorva, 2007: 12).
Fisker (1990 in Heather Bowe and Kelie martin 2007) claims that the most important
definition of communication for present purposes is social interaction through
messages. It is no coincidence that this definition begins with the word ―social‖.
Indeed, the social aspect of communication is important for two reasons according to
Fisker‘s explanation. First, we have recognized that communication takes place in a
social context and that context will often have a very significant bearing on the success
of the communication. Second, it is important to recognize that communication
involves transmitting not only information from one person to another but also in
communicating a relationship. For example, if a person uses patronizing language in
communicating with others, then the use of such demeaning indicates a relationship
bases on a lack of respect. By contrast, person using forms of language associated with
deference will be communicating a relationship based on respecting status and
hierarchy.
Another key word in Fiske‘s definition is ‗interaction‘. It is an important point to
recognize that communication is not only a basic part of our life but an essential one.
However, communication can be highly problematic at times. There can be a7
communication breakdown between individuals as communication itself is a dynamic
process which is symbolic, systemic and involves making inferences (A Samorva,
2007). The meaning of the message is a complex issue. On one hand, we have meaning
in the sense of intention. When I mean X, for example, this refers to the fact that I
intend X, or I intend to convey X. On the other hand, meaning can refer to
interpretation. A message can be sent or received even if the person communicating
had no intention to do so (Larson, Charles U, 1976 ). For example, if my tone of voice
and non-verbal cues indicate nervousness, then it is likely that I will be communicating
that nervousness even though I may not wish to do so.
There is a question of how to interpret what is communicated. The response will
depend on what the speaker mean and how the listener interpret that response (Larson,
Charles U, 1976 ). In addition, all this takes place in a social context which can
influence the way communication take place and its outcome.
From what have been discussed, we can say that Fiske‘s definition of communication
helps us have an overview of communication which we often take for granted.
Depending on how culture is defined and which discipline one come from, various
terms are used to refer to communication between people who don‘t share the same
nationality, social or ethnic origin. Today people talk much about cross- cutural
communication or intercultural communication. So what does this term mean? For us,
cross-cultural communication occurs when a member of one culture sends a message to
a member of another culture. More precisely, cross-cultural communication ―involves
interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct
enough to alter the communication event‖ (A. Samorva, 2007:10)
Richard et al, (1992:92) shares the same opinion when stating that cross- cultural
communication is ―exchange of ideas, information, ect between persons from different
cultural backgrounds‖. This term suggests that there is a relationship between
communication and culture. This relationship will be discussed in the next part.
To sum up, simply being a member of society engaging with other people on day to
day basis involves communication of various kinds whether we wish those
communications take place or not. If we are aware of the complex nature of
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communication and try to improve our social skills we will have greater influence on
what we communicate and what we do not communicate.
1.2.2. Factors affecting human communication
There are many factors affecting the choice of communicative strategy in a particular
situation. Brown and Levinson propose three parameters that may affect this choice.
They are power, differential between speaker and interlocutor, social distance between
them and the ranking imposition represented by the face.
N. Quang (1998) proposes 12 factors: Age, Sex, Residence, Mood, Occupation,
Personality, Topic, Place, Communicative environment/setting, Social distance, Time
pressure and Position.
This study is taking hiding feeling at the workplace into consideration, therefore, Age,
Sex, Occupation, Social distance, setting and Position are very important factors
governing the way people communicating at the workplace and thus being chosen for
investigation.
The role of position or social status in communication involves the ability to recognize
each other‘s social position (Brown and Levinson 1987; Holmes 1995). Holmes (1995)
claimed that people with high social status are more prone to receive deferential
behaviour, including linguistic deference and negative politeness. Thus those with
lower social status are inclined to avoid offending those with higher status and show
more respect to them.
Speech behaviors depend on the gender relationship between interlocutors. Gender or
sex and speech behavior are also seen as two interwoven, interrelated variables (Lakoff
1975; Holmes 1995 in Heather Bowe and Kelie martin 2007). To generalize, women
have traditionally been less direct (i.e. more polite and soft) than men in making
request, expressing criticism and offering opinions. They prefer indirect expression.
However, when talking about emotional issues and feelings, women tend to be more
direct than men. In the workplace, women have learnt that in order to compete and
communicate with men, they have to be more direct when making suggestion, giving
criticism or expressing ideas (Nguyen Quang 1998).9
It is impossible to say that everyone in one culture communicates similarly. Variation
according to age is most noticeable across the time span. As Nguyen Quang explains
the older often communicate according to more traditional norms than young ones.
Occupation has some effect on the speech of individuals. ―every job has a certain
amount of ‗jargon‘ which those not involved in a similar occupation find it difficult to
understand‖ (Nguyen Van Do,2007: 191). Those who study social sciences tend to use
more indirectness than those who study natural sciences.
Discussing about the effect of setting on communication, Nguyen Quang, 1998 states
when in an informal climate, people tend to express themselves in a direct way and
versus. In fact, the way we communicate in our home is different from that in public
places, or at the workplace.
Social distance is one of the factors that determines politeness behaviours (Leech 1983;
Brown and Levinson 1987). The notion of social distance refers to the consideration of
―the roles people are taking in relation to one another in a particular situation as well as
how well they know each other‖ (p.126), which means the degree of intimacy between
interlocutors. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that politeness increases with social
distance.
Above all others, communication is influenced by culture. Culture decides the
influences of other factors on communication. Why and how it influences
communication will be discussed in the following part.
1.3. Culture and Communication
It is undeniable that culture is very important in communication process. It is
considered as a factor underpinning communication. Bourdieu (2000) claims that
culture is particularly helpful in trying to understand communication because ‗habitus‘
as this author called ‗culture‘ forms a power backdrop to our actions and interactions.
Everyone has a unique of communication but cultures determine a general style for
their member. The relationship of the individual to his culture is ―analogous to an actor
and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless
influenced by the director‖ (Nguyen Quang,1998). In a very real sense, your culture is
part of who you are.
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So when cultures differ, communication practices also differ as Smith claims: ―In
modern society, different people communicate in different ways, as do people in
different societies around the world; the way people communicate is the way they live.
It is their culture. Who talks to whom? How? And about what? These are questions of
communication and culture. .. When the elements of communication differ or change,
the elements of culture differ or change. Communication and culture are inseparable‖
(G.Smith, Ed,1966 in A Samorva, 2007: 17)
Culture shock is a term used to describe the anxiety and the feelings (of surprise,
disorientation, confusion, ect. ) felt when people have to operate within an entirely
different cultural and social environment, such as a foreign country. It is ―a common
experience for a person learning a second language in a second culture.‖ (H. Douglas
Brown in J. Merrill Valdes, 1986: 33). It grows out of the difficulties in assimilating
the new culture, causing difficulties in knowing what is appropriate, what is not. So any
adequate account of communication processes must take into consideration of culture.
This is especially important in intercultural communication, the communication
between people who don‘t share the same nationality, social or ethnic origin. As
communication involves deferring perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations. Common
problems can occur among people who do not have benefits of shared experience.
Interculturalists have identified numerous differences in communication styles from
culture to culture. The most important and most studied distinctions are the indirect and
direct styles described below:
In direct communication style both parties, the speaker and listener expect explicit
verbal expression of intention, wishes, hopes, ect. For example, I am hungry or I love
you...
In indirect communication styles the speaker expresses his/her thought implicitly, or
using hints or modifiers such as perhaps, maybe...The listener is expected to use
contextual cues, or the background knowledge available to read the real meaning.
Although these styles present in all cultures, and the use of different styles varies
depending on the context, one particular style is culturally considered dominant. As
Nguyen Quang (1998) claims that cultures determine the general style for their
3. Theo quý vị, người Việt thường nói như thế nào để che giấu cảm xúc của mình?
a. Nói giảm
b. Nói bóng gió hay nói tránh
c. Nói mập mờ
d. Nói dối
e. Im lặng
f. Những chiến lược khác (xin nói rõ)
Xin hãy trả lời các tình huống sau:
1. Quý vị đang cố gắng tập trung vào một công việc quan trọng. Nhưng một số đồng
nghiệp khác giới lại đang cười nói vô tổ chức bên cạnh. Quý vị rất bực bội. Quý vị
có che giấu sự bực bội đó không (Nếu che giấu quý vị sẽ nói gì).
2. Quý vị vừa thất bại trong một dự án. Tại cuộc họp định kỳ của công ty, rất nhiều
người chỉ chích quý vị. Trong đó người chỉ chích quý vị nhiều nhất là người có
chuyên môn kém hơn nhiều so với quý vị.Quý vị thấy bị xúc phạm. Quý vị có dấu
cảm xúc không nếu người đó là đồng nghiệp cùng tuổi cùng giới? Nếu có dấu quý
vị sẽ nói như thế nào?
………………………………………………………………..
3. Một đồng nghiệp trẻ tuổi hơn quý vị thường dùng điện thoại văn phòng để buôn
chuyện riêng. Là một người có trách nhiệm quý vị thấy khó chịu với việc đó. Hôm nay
quý vị lại chứng kiến việc cô ấy buôn chuyện đường dài với ai đó qýi vị có giấu sự bực
bội của mình? Nếu giấu quý vị sẽ nói như thế nào?
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
Password giải nén nếu cần: ket-noi.com | Bấm trực tiếp vào Link để tải:
Nhà xuất bản: ĐHNN
Ngày: 2009
Chủ đề: Tiếng Anh
Giao văn hóa
Giao tiếp
Miêu tả: 51. + CD-ROM
M.A Thesis Linguistics -- College of Foreign Languages. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………………………… i
Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………… ..ii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………iii
Table of content …………………………………………………………………………………………iv
List of tables ……………………………………………………………………………………………v
Abbreviations and Conventions ……………………………………………………………………vi
part I: introduction …………………………………...1
1 Rationale of the study ………………………………………………………………….……1
2. Aims and objectives of the study. ……………………………………………………….….2
3. Scope of the study……………………………………………………………………….…..3
4. Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….…..3
5.Significance of the study: …………………………………………………………………….3
6. The design of the study: ………………………………………………………………….….4
Part II: development …………………………………..5
Chapter 1: Literature Review ………………………………………………………5
1.1.Culture……………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2. Communication……………………………………………………………………………5
1.2.1. Communication………………………………………………………………………6
1.2.2. Factors affecting human communication ……………………………………………...8
1.3. Culture and Communication ………………………………………………………………9
1.4. Politeness………………………………………………………………………………...12v
1.4.1. Notion of politeness……………………………………………………………………12
1.4.2. Notions of face and facework …………………………………………………………13
1.4.3. Politeness strategies …………………………………………………………………...14
1.5. Hiding feelings in social interaction ………………………………………………..……16
Chapter II: Methodology …………………………………………………………...20
2.1. Data collection instrument………………………………………………………………20
2.2. Questionnaire and Participants ………………………………………………………….20
2.3. Administration of the Questionnaires …………………………………………………...22
Chapter 3: findings and Discussions…………………………………………24
3.1. What are the influential factors on the choice of verbal strategies of hiding feelings in
Australian English and Vietnamese? …………………………………/……………………24
3.2. How often do Vietnamese and Australian people hide their feelings at the workplace?………………28
3.3. What are the verbal strategies of hiding feelings used by Australian and Vietnamese people?…………29
3.3.1. Verbalstrategies used by Australian and Vietnamese people to hide their feelings…………………..29
3.3.2. Use of strategies by Vietnamese participants in specific situations ………………..…32
3.3.3 Use of strategies by Australian participants in specific situations ……………………35
3.4 Some explanations…………………………………………………………………........37
Part III : conclusion and implications ………………..40
1. Major findings………………………………………………………………………………40
2. Implication of the study…………………………………………………………………….41
2.1. Implications for intercultural communicators ……………………………………………41
2.2. Implications for EFL teachers ……………………………………………………………41
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3. Limitations of the study and Recommendations for future research ………………………42
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………...44
Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………………46
Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………………49vii
Abbreviations and CONVENTIONS
Dct Discourse completion Task
FTA Face threatening Act
EFL English as a Foreign Language
L2 Second language
S Subject
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Factors governing the choice of strategies in hiding feelings by Vietnamese
people……………………………………………………………………………….23
Table 2: Factors governing the choice of hiding feelings strategies by Australian
people……………………………………………………………………………….24
Table 3: Differences between Australian and Vietnamese participants hiding feelings in
specific situations (by percentage) ………………………………………………26
Table 4: The frequency of hiding feelings by the two groups (by percentage) …………28
Table 5: Differences between Australian and Vietnamese participants hiding feelings in
specific situations (by percentage) ………………………………………….…. 29
Table 6: Strategies used by Australian and Vietnamese people to hide their feelings
(by percentage) …………………………………………………………………….31
Table 7: Summary: Use of strategies by Vietnamese participants …………………………32
Table 8: Summary: Use of strategies by Australian ……………………………………….351
part I: introduction
I.1 Rationale of the study
It is undeniable that language is a tool of human communication. Various kinds of
meanings can be conveyed in language which involves the interaction between the
speaker and the hearers. However, successful communication requires not only pure
linguistic competence but also knowledge of social norms, social values and relations
between interactants. As language, to some extend, is part of or a manifestation of its
culture (Davies, 1989 in Nguyen Van Do, 2007). Culture, language, and society are
closely related to each other and interact between themselves. Therefore,
communication breakdown or culture shock may happen in cross – cultural interaction
when interactors are not aware of cultural barrier. In other words, the interpretation of
an utterance should be involved both linguistic pattern and the socio – cultural
background of the speaker.
It is no secret that today‘s workplace is rapidly becoming larger and larger, as the
business environment expands to include various geographic locations and span
numerous cultures. What can be difficult, however, is understanding how to
communicate effective with individuals who speak another language or who rely on
different means to reach a common goal.
The world today is dramatically different from that of twenty or even ten years ago.
The influence of Multinational Corporation, the technological revolution, the
―information superhighway‖ and the movement of the private and public sectors
towards globalization sets the sense. New laws, agreements and regional partnership
from NAFTA to GATT to the European Union or Asian, have contributed to make this
massive change not only possible but also achievable.
Vietnam is a country where intercultural contacts are rapidly increasing, following the
introduction of the renovation process since 1986. Opened door policy allows more
foreign companies and partners to invest in most industries in the country to Giúp boost
the economy. This process has resulted in increasing interactions between Vietnamese
and foreigners, especially from English – speaking countries.
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We investigate how culture influences the hiding feelings at the workplace by
Australian speakers of English and Vietnamese. We choose hiding feelings to study as
in our daily life we hide our feelings so often to achieve our purposes that we are
sometimes unaware of the fact that we are doing so. Hiding feelings is so important in
communication. Without it communication may be broken-down and our relationships
may be broken, as a result. Hiding feelings is very various across cultures so
misunderstanding can arise if we do not apply pragmatic competence appropriately.
Taking into consideration the importance of pragmatic competence and the social
setting of Vietnam, the study is significant in that it is conducted with the hope of
resolving and simplifying cross- cultural misunderstanding.
For more details:
I. 2. Aims and objectives of the study.
As far as we know, there is a gap in our understanding of how Vs and Aus hide their
feelings at the workplace and how culture influences their use of language patterns at
the workplace. So this study aims to find out:
1. How Australian and Vietnamese hide their feelings at the workplace.
2. How social-cultural factors such as social status, gender, age, … influence the
choice of hiding feeling strategies of both groups.
For more details, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the influential factors on verbal strategies of hiding feelings in
Australian English and Vietnamese?
2. How often do Vietnamese and Australian people hide their feelings at the
workplace?
3. What are the verbal strategies of hiding feelings used by Australian and
Vietnamese people?
Research hypotheses.
To achieve the aims of the study, the following hypotheses are suggested for
investigation:
a. There are some differences in the frequency and the way of hiding feelings at
the workplace between Vietnamese and Australian3
b. Some factors such as interlocutor‘s status, age, gender... affect the choice of
hiding feeling strategies used by Australian and Vietnamese people.
I. 3. Scope of the study.
Hiding feelings is clearly essential in communication. And to achieve the best result,
speaker usually makes use of both verbal and nonverbal cues. However, in fact, there
are a few nonverbal cues for hiding feelings: some use eyes contact, some use hands...
while many verbal cues are available for people to hide their feelings. These verbal
cues are various and different depending on the cultures of communicators, their
backgrounds ect.. Therefore, in this thesis, we would like to focus mainly on verbal
strategies.
Hiding feelings takes place everywhere: in the family, at school, at the public places…
However, the author choose to study hiding feelings at the workplace because the
world is now globalized, the workplace now is a multicultural place. Amid today‘s
heightened global tensions, success increasingly belongs to people who can work
effectively across cultures and languages. The author should think that the
understanding of how Australian and Vietnamese people hide their feelings may be
helpful for those working in multicultural environment.
The researcher makes an investigation into how Vietnamese and Australian use the
language to hide their true feelings at the workplace
I.4. Methodology
To achieve the aims and objectives mentioned above, the study compare and contrast
the verbal strategies of hiding feelings of the two groups basing on the statistical and
qualitative data collected from a survey questionnaire modified from the Discourse
Completion Task developed by Beebe et al. The survey questionnaires are given to 40
Vietnamese people who are working at offices in Hanoi and 40 Australian people who
are working in Australia. Besides, more information needed for the study are gathered
from researcher‘s observation.
To process the data, quantitative method, contrastive analysis methods are employed.
I. 5. Significance of the study.
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This study may provide insights into the similarities and differences between
Vietnamese and Australian in the frequency as well as the verbal strategies of hiding
feelings. The author would like to give some cultural explanations for these similarities
and differences. Hopefully, it may Giúp achieve successful communication in an
international working environment.
I. 6. The design of the study:
The study is divided into three parts: the introduction, the development and the
conclusion.
The introduction provides the information such as the rationale, the aims, the scope, the
method and the significance of the study.
The development consists of three chapters. Chapter one, Literature Review, presents
the concepts relevant to the research topic such as different points of view of culture
and communication, politeness..
Chapter two deals with specific information of the method, the survey questionnaire
and the respondents. It also presents analysis of the data collected from the survey
questionnaire.
The last chapter presents some major findings.
The conclusion is a review of the study, the limitation of the study and suggestions for
further study.5
Part II: development
Chapter 1: Literature Review
This chapter reviews the theories and literature within which the research is carried
out. It consists of 3 main sections. The two first sections view the theories of culture
and communication. The third one deals with the other related issues: politeness in
human communication.
1.1.Culture
Culture is ‗ubiquitous, complex and all-pervasive‘ (A. Samorva, 2007:10). Therefore, it
is very difficult to define this term. The term ‗culture‘ has a wide range of meanings
today because it has actually changed in meaning overtime. In fact, there are many
definitions of it ranging from complex and fancy to simple ones.
For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food. for
anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned
human behavior patterns. Edward B. Tylor (1871 in Heather Bowe and Kelie Martin,
2007) an anthropologist said that culture is "that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society‖(p2)
Here the author would like to use the definition of H. C. Triandis cited in A. Samorva,
2007:20 for the reason that this definition contains the theme under investigation in
this thesis of how culture and communication are linked. ―Culture is a set of humanmade objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability
of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and
thus become shared among those who could communicate with each other because they
had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.‖
Subjective elements mentioned in this definition are ―values, attitudes, beliefs,
orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society‖. All of
them influence your interpretation of the world and interactions in it.
1.2. Communication
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1.2.1. Communication.
People have known that communication is an important part of life, a well-integrated
part of day-to-day existence. ―Communication is powerful; It brings companions to our
sides or scatters our rivals, reassures or alerts children; and forges consensus or battle
lines between us‖ (C. F Keating, 19794 in Larry. A Samorva, 2007: 12). In fact, it is
one of those activities that everyone recognizes but few can define it satisfactorily.
How does one talk so that another person can understand? How does one know if he or
she has been heard or understood? These are all points about communication that have
been analyzed and explained.
Simply, we often define communication as sharing of ideas or feelings with others.
Communication takes place when one person transmits information and understanding
to another person. In other words, there is a communication when you respond or listen
to someone. ―Human communication is the process through which symbols are
transmitted for the purpose of eliciting a response‖ (A. Samorva, 2007: 12).
Fisker (1990 in Heather Bowe and Kelie martin 2007) claims that the most important
definition of communication for present purposes is social interaction through
messages. It is no coincidence that this definition begins with the word ―social‖.
Indeed, the social aspect of communication is important for two reasons according to
Fisker‘s explanation. First, we have recognized that communication takes place in a
social context and that context will often have a very significant bearing on the success
of the communication. Second, it is important to recognize that communication
involves transmitting not only information from one person to another but also in
communicating a relationship. For example, if a person uses patronizing language in
communicating with others, then the use of such demeaning indicates a relationship
bases on a lack of respect. By contrast, person using forms of language associated with
deference will be communicating a relationship based on respecting status and
hierarchy.
Another key word in Fiske‘s definition is ‗interaction‘. It is an important point to
recognize that communication is not only a basic part of our life but an essential one.
However, communication can be highly problematic at times. There can be a7
communication breakdown between individuals as communication itself is a dynamic
process which is symbolic, systemic and involves making inferences (A Samorva,
2007). The meaning of the message is a complex issue. On one hand, we have meaning
in the sense of intention. When I mean X, for example, this refers to the fact that I
intend X, or I intend to convey X. On the other hand, meaning can refer to
interpretation. A message can be sent or received even if the person communicating
had no intention to do so (Larson, Charles U, 1976 ). For example, if my tone of voice
and non-verbal cues indicate nervousness, then it is likely that I will be communicating
that nervousness even though I may not wish to do so.
There is a question of how to interpret what is communicated. The response will
depend on what the speaker mean and how the listener interpret that response (Larson,
Charles U, 1976 ). In addition, all this takes place in a social context which can
influence the way communication take place and its outcome.
From what have been discussed, we can say that Fiske‘s definition of communication
helps us have an overview of communication which we often take for granted.
Depending on how culture is defined and which discipline one come from, various
terms are used to refer to communication between people who don‘t share the same
nationality, social or ethnic origin. Today people talk much about cross- cutural
communication or intercultural communication. So what does this term mean? For us,
cross-cultural communication occurs when a member of one culture sends a message to
a member of another culture. More precisely, cross-cultural communication ―involves
interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct
enough to alter the communication event‖ (A. Samorva, 2007:10)
Richard et al, (1992:92) shares the same opinion when stating that cross- cultural
communication is ―exchange of ideas, information, ect between persons from different
cultural backgrounds‖. This term suggests that there is a relationship between
communication and culture. This relationship will be discussed in the next part.
To sum up, simply being a member of society engaging with other people on day to
day basis involves communication of various kinds whether we wish those
communications take place or not. If we are aware of the complex nature of
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communication and try to improve our social skills we will have greater influence on
what we communicate and what we do not communicate.
1.2.2. Factors affecting human communication
There are many factors affecting the choice of communicative strategy in a particular
situation. Brown and Levinson propose three parameters that may affect this choice.
They are power, differential between speaker and interlocutor, social distance between
them and the ranking imposition represented by the face.
N. Quang (1998) proposes 12 factors: Age, Sex, Residence, Mood, Occupation,
Personality, Topic, Place, Communicative environment/setting, Social distance, Time
pressure and Position.
This study is taking hiding feeling at the workplace into consideration, therefore, Age,
Sex, Occupation, Social distance, setting and Position are very important factors
governing the way people communicating at the workplace and thus being chosen for
investigation.
The role of position or social status in communication involves the ability to recognize
each other‘s social position (Brown and Levinson 1987; Holmes 1995). Holmes (1995)
claimed that people with high social status are more prone to receive deferential
behaviour, including linguistic deference and negative politeness. Thus those with
lower social status are inclined to avoid offending those with higher status and show
more respect to them.
Speech behaviors depend on the gender relationship between interlocutors. Gender or
sex and speech behavior are also seen as two interwoven, interrelated variables (Lakoff
1975; Holmes 1995 in Heather Bowe and Kelie martin 2007). To generalize, women
have traditionally been less direct (i.e. more polite and soft) than men in making
request, expressing criticism and offering opinions. They prefer indirect expression.
However, when talking about emotional issues and feelings, women tend to be more
direct than men. In the workplace, women have learnt that in order to compete and
communicate with men, they have to be more direct when making suggestion, giving
criticism or expressing ideas (Nguyen Quang 1998).9
It is impossible to say that everyone in one culture communicates similarly. Variation
according to age is most noticeable across the time span. As Nguyen Quang explains
the older often communicate according to more traditional norms than young ones.
Occupation has some effect on the speech of individuals. ―every job has a certain
amount of ‗jargon‘ which those not involved in a similar occupation find it difficult to
understand‖ (Nguyen Van Do,2007: 191). Those who study social sciences tend to use
more indirectness than those who study natural sciences.
Discussing about the effect of setting on communication, Nguyen Quang, 1998 states
when in an informal climate, people tend to express themselves in a direct way and
versus. In fact, the way we communicate in our home is different from that in public
places, or at the workplace.
Social distance is one of the factors that determines politeness behaviours (Leech 1983;
Brown and Levinson 1987). The notion of social distance refers to the consideration of
―the roles people are taking in relation to one another in a particular situation as well as
how well they know each other‖ (p.126), which means the degree of intimacy between
interlocutors. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that politeness increases with social
distance.
Above all others, communication is influenced by culture. Culture decides the
influences of other factors on communication. Why and how it influences
communication will be discussed in the following part.
1.3. Culture and Communication
It is undeniable that culture is very important in communication process. It is
considered as a factor underpinning communication. Bourdieu (2000) claims that
culture is particularly helpful in trying to understand communication because ‗habitus‘
as this author called ‗culture‘ forms a power backdrop to our actions and interactions.
Everyone has a unique of communication but cultures determine a general style for
their member. The relationship of the individual to his culture is ―analogous to an actor
and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless
influenced by the director‖ (Nguyen Quang,1998). In a very real sense, your culture is
part of who you are.
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So when cultures differ, communication practices also differ as Smith claims: ―In
modern society, different people communicate in different ways, as do people in
different societies around the world; the way people communicate is the way they live.
It is their culture. Who talks to whom? How? And about what? These are questions of
communication and culture. .. When the elements of communication differ or change,
the elements of culture differ or change. Communication and culture are inseparable‖
(G.Smith, Ed,1966 in A Samorva, 2007: 17)
Culture shock is a term used to describe the anxiety and the feelings (of surprise,
disorientation, confusion, ect. ) felt when people have to operate within an entirely
different cultural and social environment, such as a foreign country. It is ―a common
experience for a person learning a second language in a second culture.‖ (H. Douglas
Brown in J. Merrill Valdes, 1986: 33). It grows out of the difficulties in assimilating
the new culture, causing difficulties in knowing what is appropriate, what is not. So any
adequate account of communication processes must take into consideration of culture.
This is especially important in intercultural communication, the communication
between people who don‘t share the same nationality, social or ethnic origin. As
communication involves deferring perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations. Common
problems can occur among people who do not have benefits of shared experience.
Interculturalists have identified numerous differences in communication styles from
culture to culture. The most important and most studied distinctions are the indirect and
direct styles described below:
In direct communication style both parties, the speaker and listener expect explicit
verbal expression of intention, wishes, hopes, ect. For example, I am hungry or I love
you...
In indirect communication styles the speaker expresses his/her thought implicitly, or
using hints or modifiers such as perhaps, maybe...The listener is expected to use
contextual cues, or the background knowledge available to read the real meaning.
Although these styles present in all cultures, and the use of different styles varies
depending on the context, one particular style is culturally considered dominant. As
Nguyen Quang (1998) claims that cultures determine the general style for their
3. Theo quý vị, người Việt thường nói như thế nào để che giấu cảm xúc của mình?
a. Nói giảm
b. Nói bóng gió hay nói tránh
c. Nói mập mờ
d. Nói dối
e. Im lặng
f. Những chiến lược khác (xin nói rõ)
Xin hãy trả lời các tình huống sau:
1. Quý vị đang cố gắng tập trung vào một công việc quan trọng. Nhưng một số đồng
nghiệp khác giới lại đang cười nói vô tổ chức bên cạnh. Quý vị rất bực bội. Quý vị
có che giấu sự bực bội đó không (Nếu che giấu quý vị sẽ nói gì).
2. Quý vị vừa thất bại trong một dự án. Tại cuộc họp định kỳ của công ty, rất nhiều
người chỉ chích quý vị. Trong đó người chỉ chích quý vị nhiều nhất là người có
chuyên môn kém hơn nhiều so với quý vị.Quý vị thấy bị xúc phạm. Quý vị có dấu
cảm xúc không nếu người đó là đồng nghiệp cùng tuổi cùng giới? Nếu có dấu quý
vị sẽ nói như thế nào?
………………………………………………………………..
3. Một đồng nghiệp trẻ tuổi hơn quý vị thường dùng điện thoại văn phòng để buôn
chuyện riêng. Là một người có trách nhiệm quý vị thấy khó chịu với việc đó. Hôm nay
quý vị lại chứng kiến việc cô ấy buôn chuyện đường dài với ai đó qýi vị có giấu sự bực
bội của mình? Nếu giấu quý vị sẽ nói như thế nào?
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
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