Table of contents
Introduction...............................................................................1
Introductory Tutorials
Lesson 1: Transmitter — External modulated laser .................................................. 5
Lesson 2: Subsystems — Hierarchical simulation.................................................. 35
Lesson 3: Optical Systems — WDM Design............................................................. 55
Lesson 4: Parameter Sweeps — BER x Input power............................................... 75
Lesson 5: Bidirectional Simulation — Working with multiple iterations ............... 83
Lesson 6: Time-Driven Simulation — Working with individual samples............... 93
Lesson 7: Optical Amplifiers — Designing optical fiber amplifiers
and fiber lasers....................................................................................... 101
Lesson 8: Optical Systems — Working with multimode components................. 129
Optical transmitters ............................................................................163
Optical transmitters .................................................................................................. 163
LED modulation response........................................................................................ 165
Semiconductor laser modulation response ........................................................... 169
Semiconductor laser—Large signal modulation ................................................... 173
Chirp in Mach-Zehnder Lithium Niobate modulators ............................................ 179
LED spectral distribution ......................................................................................... 185
Semiconductor laser L-I curve................................................................................. 189
Laser noise and linewidth ........................................................................................ 191
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser - VCSEL Validation ................................. 193
Using the Laser Measured Component .................................................................. 215
Optical fibers .......................................................................................223
Effects of group velocity dispersion (GVD) on Gaussian pulse propagation..... 225
Effects of PMD on pulse propagation ..................................................................... 237
Effects of cross phase modulation (XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) ............ 241
Combined effects of GVD and SPhần mềm on Gaussian pulse propagation.................. 249
Combined effects of GVD and SPhần mềm on modulational instability .......................... 255
PMD-induced broadening of ultra-short pulses..................................................... 265
Validation of FWM effect .......................................................................................... 275
Stimulated Raman scattering................................................................................... 281
Stimulated Raman scattering—Separated channels ............................................. 287
SPM-induced spectral broadening.......................................................................... 291
XPM-induced asymmetric spectral broadening..................................................... 297
Kerr shutter................................................................................................................ 305
Bidirectional fiber and Raman design..................................................................... 311
Optical receivers .................................................................................315
Modulation formats................................................................................................... 317
Extracting the thermal noise parameter for a specific receiver sensitivity......... 321
Receiver noise—PIN ................................................................................................. 323
Receiver noise—Shot noise enhancement with APD............................................ 325
Receiver sensitivity—Bit error rate (BER) .............................................................. 329
Receiver sensitivity—Minimum input power.......................................................... 331
Sensitivity degradation—Extinction ratio............................................................... 335
Signal degradation—Jitter ....................................................................................... 337
Doped optical fiber amplifiers............................................................339
Analysis of Gain and Noise in Erbium doped fiber................................................ 341
Optimizing the EDFA gain for WDM lightwave systems ....................................... 345
Excited state absorption impact on EDFA performance....................................... 345
Ion-ion interaction effects ........................................................................................ 357
Rayleigh backscattering in EDFA............................................................................ 363
Inhomogeneous broadening in EDFAs................................................................... 369
Power transients in EDFAs ...................................................................................... 377
Temperature dependence in EDFA ......................................................................... 385
Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers............................................................................. 391
SPO optimization—System margin......................................................................... 395
SPO optimization—EDFA fiber length .................................................................... 401
EDFA — Basic concepts .......................................................................................... 403
Booster Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 411
Inline Amplifier .......................................................................................................... 415
Preamplifier ............................................................................................................... 419
Pumping requirements ............................................................................................. 421
Transient Control in EDFAs ..................................................................................... 425
Amplifier Characteristics.......................................................................................... 429
Automatic Control Simulation ................................................................................. 435
Reflective Amplifier................................................................................................... 449
Split-Band Amplifier.................................................................................................. 455
Dynamic Amplifier Using Ytterbium-Doped Fiber.................................................. 459
Gain Flattening Filter Optimization ......................................................................... 463
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Introduction...............................................................................1
Introductory Tutorials
Lesson 1: Transmitter — External modulated laser .................................................. 5
Lesson 2: Subsystems — Hierarchical simulation.................................................. 35
Lesson 3: Optical Systems — WDM Design............................................................. 55
Lesson 4: Parameter Sweeps — BER x Input power............................................... 75
Lesson 5: Bidirectional Simulation — Working with multiple iterations ............... 83
Lesson 6: Time-Driven Simulation — Working with individual samples............... 93
Lesson 7: Optical Amplifiers — Designing optical fiber amplifiers
and fiber lasers....................................................................................... 101
Lesson 8: Optical Systems — Working with multimode components................. 129
Optical transmitters ............................................................................163
Optical transmitters .................................................................................................. 163
LED modulation response........................................................................................ 165
Semiconductor laser modulation response ........................................................... 169
Semiconductor laser—Large signal modulation ................................................... 173
Chirp in Mach-Zehnder Lithium Niobate modulators ............................................ 179
LED spectral distribution ......................................................................................... 185
Semiconductor laser L-I curve................................................................................. 189
Laser noise and linewidth ........................................................................................ 191
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser - VCSEL Validation ................................. 193
Using the Laser Measured Component .................................................................. 215
Optical fibers .......................................................................................223
Effects of group velocity dispersion (GVD) on Gaussian pulse propagation..... 225
Effects of PMD on pulse propagation ..................................................................... 237
Effects of cross phase modulation (XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) ............ 241
Combined effects of GVD and SPhần mềm on Gaussian pulse propagation.................. 249
Combined effects of GVD and SPhần mềm on modulational instability .......................... 255
PMD-induced broadening of ultra-short pulses..................................................... 265
Validation of FWM effect .......................................................................................... 275
Stimulated Raman scattering................................................................................... 281
Stimulated Raman scattering—Separated channels ............................................. 287
SPM-induced spectral broadening.......................................................................... 291
XPM-induced asymmetric spectral broadening..................................................... 297
Kerr shutter................................................................................................................ 305
Bidirectional fiber and Raman design..................................................................... 311
Optical receivers .................................................................................315
Modulation formats................................................................................................... 317
Extracting the thermal noise parameter for a specific receiver sensitivity......... 321
Receiver noise—PIN ................................................................................................. 323
Receiver noise—Shot noise enhancement with APD............................................ 325
Receiver sensitivity—Bit error rate (BER) .............................................................. 329
Receiver sensitivity—Minimum input power.......................................................... 331
Sensitivity degradation—Extinction ratio............................................................... 335
Signal degradation—Jitter ....................................................................................... 337
Doped optical fiber amplifiers............................................................339
Analysis of Gain and Noise in Erbium doped fiber................................................ 341
Optimizing the EDFA gain for WDM lightwave systems ....................................... 345
Excited state absorption impact on EDFA performance....................................... 345
Ion-ion interaction effects ........................................................................................ 357
Rayleigh backscattering in EDFA............................................................................ 363
Inhomogeneous broadening in EDFAs................................................................... 369
Power transients in EDFAs ...................................................................................... 377
Temperature dependence in EDFA ......................................................................... 385
Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers............................................................................. 391
SPO optimization—System margin......................................................................... 395
SPO optimization—EDFA fiber length .................................................................... 401
EDFA — Basic concepts .......................................................................................... 403
Booster Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 411
Inline Amplifier .......................................................................................................... 415
Preamplifier ............................................................................................................... 419
Pumping requirements ............................................................................................. 421
Transient Control in EDFAs ..................................................................................... 425
Amplifier Characteristics.......................................................................................... 429
Automatic Control Simulation ................................................................................. 435
Reflective Amplifier................................................................................................... 449
Split-Band Amplifier.................................................................................................. 455
Dynamic Amplifier Using Ytterbium-Doped Fiber.................................................. 459
Gain Flattening Filter Optimization ......................................................................... 463
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