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Luận văn tiếng Anh:Translation as cultural transfer: the case of translating idioms of food and drink = Dịch thuật như sự chuyển đổi về văn hóa: ứng dụng trong việc dịch thành ngữ về đồ ăn thức uống. M.A Thesis Linguistics
CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. LANGUAGE ANDCULTURE…………………………………………………….. 3
1.1. Definition of language and culture…………………………………………………. 3
1.2. The relation between language and culture………………………………………… 4
2. TRANSLATION……………………………………………………………………. 6
2.1. Definition of translation…………………………………………………………… 6
2.2 Translation Process and Methods…………………………………………………… 7
3. IDIOMS AND TRANSLATION…………………………………………………… 10
3.1. Definition of idioms…………………………………………………………………. 10
3.2. The interpretation of idioms………………………………………………………… 11
3.3. Idioms versus proverbs………………………………………………………………. 13
3.4. Culture in idioms and its relation to the transfer in translation…………………….. 15
CHAPTER TWO: CULTURAL TRANSFER
THROUGH TRANSLATION OF IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK
1. Idioms of food and drink……………………………………………………………... 18
1.1. Criteria for idioms of food and drink………………………………………………… 18
1.2. Syntactical feature of idioms of food and drink…………………………………… 19
1.3. Cultural features of idioms of food and drink……………………………………… 22
2. Cultural transfer through translation of idioms of food and drink…………. 23
2.1. Idiomatic equivalence……………………………………………………………….. 24
2.2. Conceptual equivalence……………………………………………………………. 26
2.3. Lexical equivalence…………………………………………………………………. 28
2.4. Semantic and pragmatic equivalence………………………………………………. 30
3. Suggestions of some strategies in translating idioms of food and drink………….. 31
CONCLUSION
1. Review of the study…………………………………………………………………… 35
2. Suggestions for further studies………………………………………………………. 36
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………… 37
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
Since human’s society developed, there has been a trend of integration between people
and nations. People living together in the world need to Giúp each other to gain economic
development, political stabilization and equality. That, the need of understanding between
people and nations has increased. Translation constitutes an essential tool for better
communication, better understanding each other.
Of all the translation work, translating idioms seems to be the most challenging since it
is a meaning-based translation which makes every effort to communicate the meaning of
the source language ( SL) text in the natural forms of the target language (TL). To deal
with translating idioms, one must have good cultural background of not only the SL but
also of the TL. Therefore, mastering translation theory in general and strategies of
translating idioms in particular is very important to learners and translators.
Being interested in idioms for a long time, I choose idioms as my thesis topic. Due to
the limited time and knowledge, I just focus on how culture transfers through the process
of translating idioms of food and drink. When searching for equivalence in translation to
see how cultural transfer occurs, some strategies of translating idioms of food and drink
will be discussed to overcome the difficulties of idiom translation.
2. Aims of the study
The study has the following aims:
considering how cultural transfer occurs through the process of translating idioms
of food and drink;
suggesting some practical strategies in translating idioms of food and drink
3. Limitation of the study
Due to the limited time and knowledge, I cannot cover all aspects of idiomatic expression
of food and drink in this study. Thus, I just focus on the cultural transfer through the
idiomatic translation and suggest some strategies of translating English – Vietnamese
idioms of food and drink and vice versa.
2
4. Method of the study
To achieve these aims, I have consulted many dictionaries and books of languages, idioms,
proverbs, etc. in both English and Vietnamese in which whatever relating to idiomatic
expressions of food and drink is taken into consideration. One hundred idioms of food and
drink in Vietnamese and another hundred idioms of food and drink in English which are
thought to be widely used are selected for the study. For English idioms, a number of
reference books were consulted, but the main ones are Longman Dictionary of Idioms
(1998), Collins Cobuild Idioms Dictionary (2002), Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh (2008).
These books were selected because they contain a large number of idioms of food and
drink. Vietnamese ones were selected from Từ điển Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Việt-Anh (2006),
Kể chuyện thành ngữ Tiếng Anh (2006).
Then a comparative analysis is designed to point out how cultural transfer occurs through
the translation.
5. Design of the study
Apart from Introduction and Conclusion, the study is organized around two chapters.
Chapter one attempts to look into the nature of culture, culture in relation with language
and translation. Later, the chapter presents an overview of translation theories developed
by well-known authors with certain basic theoretical items such as definition of translation,
the process, and methods of translation. The chapter ends by taking idioms into
consideration: the definition of idioms, the interpretation of idioms, idioms versus
proverbs, culture in idioms and its relation to the transfer in translation.
Chapter two deals with the translation of idioms of food and drink. Firstly, how cultural
transfer occurs through idioms translation is studied by looking for stylistic equivalence,
conceptual equivalence, lexical equivalence, semantic and pragmatic equivalence. After
that, the chapter mentions some of the translation strategies for translating idioms of food
and drink.
CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Language and culture
1.1. Definition of language and culture
Language is a factor that distinguishes man from other animals. For existence, human
being must work hard to produce goods, food, clothes, machines and other materials…
Through out the duration of working, people need to exchange goods, the experience of
producing and also the information of all fields of the life. That’s why language appeared.
Language is a means of communication and it is the best way for human to express their
thoughts and feelings. To have a better understanding of language, let’s study the
definition of language stated in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995):
“ Language is a system of sounds, words, patterns, etc… used by humans, nations,
or group of people to communicate thoughts and feeling manner of expressing ideas.”
According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: “A language is a particular kind of
system for encoding and decoding information. In its most common use, the term refers to
so-called "natural languages" — the forms of communication considered peculiar to
humankind. In cognitive science the term is also sometimes extended to refer to the human
cognitive facility of creating and using language. Essential to both meanings is the
systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols—each symbol referring to linguistic
concepts with semantic or logical or otherwise expressive meanings.”
From these definitions we can see how important the language is in the process of
communication. To serve my purpose, I suggest here another definition: Language is the
means of expressing thoughts and feelings.
Now, we move to the definition of culture. Culture can be seen as all human
activities. Some people look at culture as the collective programme of the mind which
distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. Someone concluded
that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture”. In
many ways it is correct: culture is everything. Because culture is so broad in its scope,
It is apparent that language is a means to describe culture it belongs to and parallelly,
culture’s development enriches language. For example, before the bicycle was introduced
to Vietnam, there was no word to express it. But when the Vietnamese got acquainted with
it, they borrowed the word “bicycle” and either borrowed or invented words to describe the
bicycle parts. Therefore, the vocabulary of language was enriched along parallel line with
the development of culture.
Language usages follow culturally determined patterns. The patterns not only
influence the order in which people use words to form phrases, they also influence thinking
patterns. The use of language to describe time, for instance, differs from culture to culture.
Western societies perceive time as something that can be kept, saved, lost or waste.
Therefore, time system is exactly divided and being on time is extremely important. In the
Vietnamese language, the time system is more complicated and the verb system is such
that only context can indicate time. This different perception directly affects the translation
from Vietnamese language into Western languages and vice versa.
We can see that language is distinctly a form of human cultural behaviour.
Language helps us understand not only one another but culture as well. If one uses a
language well, one must know the culture that uses the language. This is because the
ability to react with speakers of another language depends not only on language skills but
also on comprehension of cultural habits. For example, in Vietnamese culture, it is
considered polite behaviour to ask someone at first meeting about his or her age and
marital status. But this way of talking is not acceptable in other culture like English,
Australian and American culture.
In learning language, we can see that language is a key element of any culture.
Language is a part of social life. As a result, every expression such as greeting,
addressing…are affected by culture. This aspect should be paid attention to when we do
translation. Byram (1998) said that:
“It is readily assumed that exposure to language will lead to some kinds of cultural
learning…
Thus as learners learn about language they learn about culture and as they learn to
use a new language they learn to communicate with other individuals from a new culture”
That also means that cultural difference leads to the differences in the way and the
perception of communication which is the expression of language. For example, in the
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Luận văn tiếng Anh:Translation as cultural transfer: the case of translating idioms of food and drink = Dịch thuật như sự chuyển đổi về văn hóa: ứng dụng trong việc dịch thành ngữ về đồ ăn thức uống. M.A Thesis Linguistics
CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. LANGUAGE ANDCULTURE…………………………………………………….. 3
1.1. Definition of language and culture…………………………………………………. 3
1.2. The relation between language and culture………………………………………… 4
2. TRANSLATION……………………………………………………………………. 6
2.1. Definition of translation…………………………………………………………… 6
2.2 Translation Process and Methods…………………………………………………… 7
3. IDIOMS AND TRANSLATION…………………………………………………… 10
3.1. Definition of idioms…………………………………………………………………. 10
3.2. The interpretation of idioms………………………………………………………… 11
3.3. Idioms versus proverbs………………………………………………………………. 13
3.4. Culture in idioms and its relation to the transfer in translation…………………….. 15
CHAPTER TWO: CULTURAL TRANSFER
THROUGH TRANSLATION OF IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK
1. Idioms of food and drink……………………………………………………………... 18
1.1. Criteria for idioms of food and drink………………………………………………… 18
1.2. Syntactical feature of idioms of food and drink…………………………………… 19
1.3. Cultural features of idioms of food and drink……………………………………… 22
2. Cultural transfer through translation of idioms of food and drink…………. 23
2.1. Idiomatic equivalence……………………………………………………………….. 24
2.2. Conceptual equivalence……………………………………………………………. 26
2.3. Lexical equivalence…………………………………………………………………. 28
2.4. Semantic and pragmatic equivalence………………………………………………. 30
3. Suggestions of some strategies in translating idioms of food and drink………….. 31
CONCLUSION
1. Review of the study…………………………………………………………………… 35
2. Suggestions for further studies………………………………………………………. 36
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………… 37
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
Since human’s society developed, there has been a trend of integration between people
and nations. People living together in the world need to Giúp each other to gain economic
development, political stabilization and equality. That, the need of understanding between
people and nations has increased. Translation constitutes an essential tool for better
communication, better understanding each other.
Of all the translation work, translating idioms seems to be the most challenging since it
is a meaning-based translation which makes every effort to communicate the meaning of
the source language ( SL) text in the natural forms of the target language (TL). To deal
with translating idioms, one must have good cultural background of not only the SL but
also of the TL. Therefore, mastering translation theory in general and strategies of
translating idioms in particular is very important to learners and translators.
Being interested in idioms for a long time, I choose idioms as my thesis topic. Due to
the limited time and knowledge, I just focus on how culture transfers through the process
of translating idioms of food and drink. When searching for equivalence in translation to
see how cultural transfer occurs, some strategies of translating idioms of food and drink
will be discussed to overcome the difficulties of idiom translation.
2. Aims of the study
The study has the following aims:
considering how cultural transfer occurs through the process of translating idioms
of food and drink;
suggesting some practical strategies in translating idioms of food and drink
3. Limitation of the study
Due to the limited time and knowledge, I cannot cover all aspects of idiomatic expression
of food and drink in this study. Thus, I just focus on the cultural transfer through the
idiomatic translation and suggest some strategies of translating English – Vietnamese
idioms of food and drink and vice versa.
2
4. Method of the study
To achieve these aims, I have consulted many dictionaries and books of languages, idioms,
proverbs, etc. in both English and Vietnamese in which whatever relating to idiomatic
expressions of food and drink is taken into consideration. One hundred idioms of food and
drink in Vietnamese and another hundred idioms of food and drink in English which are
thought to be widely used are selected for the study. For English idioms, a number of
reference books were consulted, but the main ones are Longman Dictionary of Idioms
(1998), Collins Cobuild Idioms Dictionary (2002), Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh (2008).
These books were selected because they contain a large number of idioms of food and
drink. Vietnamese ones were selected from Từ điển Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Việt-Anh (2006),
Kể chuyện thành ngữ Tiếng Anh (2006).
Then a comparative analysis is designed to point out how cultural transfer occurs through
the translation.
5. Design of the study
Apart from Introduction and Conclusion, the study is organized around two chapters.
Chapter one attempts to look into the nature of culture, culture in relation with language
and translation. Later, the chapter presents an overview of translation theories developed
by well-known authors with certain basic theoretical items such as definition of translation,
the process, and methods of translation. The chapter ends by taking idioms into
consideration: the definition of idioms, the interpretation of idioms, idioms versus
proverbs, culture in idioms and its relation to the transfer in translation.
Chapter two deals with the translation of idioms of food and drink. Firstly, how cultural
transfer occurs through idioms translation is studied by looking for stylistic equivalence,
conceptual equivalence, lexical equivalence, semantic and pragmatic equivalence. After
that, the chapter mentions some of the translation strategies for translating idioms of food
and drink.
CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Language and culture
1.1. Definition of language and culture
Language is a factor that distinguishes man from other animals. For existence, human
being must work hard to produce goods, food, clothes, machines and other materials…
Through out the duration of working, people need to exchange goods, the experience of
producing and also the information of all fields of the life. That’s why language appeared.
Language is a means of communication and it is the best way for human to express their
thoughts and feelings. To have a better understanding of language, let’s study the
definition of language stated in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995):
“ Language is a system of sounds, words, patterns, etc… used by humans, nations,
or group of people to communicate thoughts and feeling manner of expressing ideas.”
According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: “A language is a particular kind of
system for encoding and decoding information. In its most common use, the term refers to
so-called "natural languages" — the forms of communication considered peculiar to
humankind. In cognitive science the term is also sometimes extended to refer to the human
cognitive facility of creating and using language. Essential to both meanings is the
systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols—each symbol referring to linguistic
concepts with semantic or logical or otherwise expressive meanings.”
From these definitions we can see how important the language is in the process of
communication. To serve my purpose, I suggest here another definition: Language is the
means of expressing thoughts and feelings.
Now, we move to the definition of culture. Culture can be seen as all human
activities. Some people look at culture as the collective programme of the mind which
distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. Someone concluded
that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture”. In
many ways it is correct: culture is everything. Because culture is so broad in its scope,
It is apparent that language is a means to describe culture it belongs to and parallelly,
culture’s development enriches language. For example, before the bicycle was introduced
to Vietnam, there was no word to express it. But when the Vietnamese got acquainted with
it, they borrowed the word “bicycle” and either borrowed or invented words to describe the
bicycle parts. Therefore, the vocabulary of language was enriched along parallel line with
the development of culture.
Language usages follow culturally determined patterns. The patterns not only
influence the order in which people use words to form phrases, they also influence thinking
patterns. The use of language to describe time, for instance, differs from culture to culture.
Western societies perceive time as something that can be kept, saved, lost or waste.
Therefore, time system is exactly divided and being on time is extremely important. In the
Vietnamese language, the time system is more complicated and the verb system is such
that only context can indicate time. This different perception directly affects the translation
from Vietnamese language into Western languages and vice versa.
We can see that language is distinctly a form of human cultural behaviour.
Language helps us understand not only one another but culture as well. If one uses a
language well, one must know the culture that uses the language. This is because the
ability to react with speakers of another language depends not only on language skills but
also on comprehension of cultural habits. For example, in Vietnamese culture, it is
considered polite behaviour to ask someone at first meeting about his or her age and
marital status. But this way of talking is not acceptable in other culture like English,
Australian and American culture.
In learning language, we can see that language is a key element of any culture.
Language is a part of social life. As a result, every expression such as greeting,
addressing…are affected by culture. This aspect should be paid attention to when we do
translation. Byram (1998) said that:
“It is readily assumed that exposure to language will lead to some kinds of cultural
learning…
Thus as learners learn about language they learn about culture and as they learn to
use a new language they learn to communicate with other individuals from a new culture”
That also means that cultural difference leads to the differences in the way and the
perception of communication which is the expression of language. For example, in the
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